AMRC-NET: A New Method for Recognition of Russian Handwritten Text Integrating Multipath Mechanism and Linguistic Features
Article Information
Abstract
Russian handwritten text recognition presents significant challenges due to the complex morphology of the Cyrillic alphabet, prevalent cursive writing, and substantial writer variability. To address the limitations of existing methods in dynamic contextual modeling and language-specific feature adaptation, this paper proposes an end-to-end framework named AMRC-NET. This framework integrates a multi-path architecture with linguistic feature awareness through three core modules: a Context Enhancement Module for long-range dependency modeling, a Russian Alphabet Morphology Optimization Module for script-specific pattern capture, and a Multi-Path Adaptive Fusion Mechanism for dynamic output integration. Extensive experiments on the Cyrillic Handwriting Dataset demonstrate that AMRC-NET achieves 48.15% in recognition accuracy, significantly outperforming existing models such as STAR-Net and GRCNN. Ablation studies further reveal that the three modules contribute accuracy improvements of 4.82%, 2.03%, and 1.58%, respectively, confirming their individual effectiveness and synergistic integration. The model also exhibits enhanced generalization capability, as reflected by lower validation loss and a reduced overfitting gap, while visual analysis confirms its robustness in challenging cursive writing scenarios.
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
Data Availability Statement
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
AI Use Statement
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
References
- Kim, G., Govindaraju, V., & Srihari, S. N. (2000). An architecture for handwritten text recognition systems. International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2(1), 37-44.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Shi, B., Bai, X., & Yao, C. (2016). An end-to-end trainable neural network for image-based sequence recognition and its application to scene text recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 39(11), 2298-2304.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Casey, R. G., & Lecolinet, E. (2002). A survey of methods and strategies in character segmentation. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 18(7), 690-706.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Dalal, N., & Triggs, B. (2005, June). Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In 2005 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR'05) (Vol. 1, pp. 886-893). IEEE.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Cortes, C., & Vapnik, V. (1995). Support-vector networks. Machine learning, 20(3), 273-297.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Cover, T., & Hart, P. (1967). Nearest neighbor pattern classification. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 13(1), 21-27.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Rabiner, L. R. (1989). A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE, 77(2), 257-286.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Tang, Y. Y., Cheriet, M., Liu, J., Said, J. N., & Suen, C. Y. (1999). Document analysis and recognition by computers. In Handbook of Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision (pp. 579-612).
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Liu, C. L., Nakashima, K., Sako, H., & Fujisawa, H. (2004). Handwritten digit recognition: investigation of normalization and feature extraction techniques. Pattern Recognition, 37(2), 265-279.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Plamondon, R., & Srihari, S. N. (2000). Online and off-line handwriting recognition: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(1), 63-84.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Bunke, H. (2003, August). Recognition of cursive Roman handwriting: past, present and future. In Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings. (pp. 448-459). IEEE.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Liu, W., Chen, C., Wong, K. Y. K., Su, Z., & Han, J. (2016, September). Star-net: a spatial attention residue network for scene text recognition. In BMVC (Vol. 2, p. 7).
[Google Scholar] - Bluche, T., & Messina, R. (2017, November). Gated convolutional recurrent neural networks for multilingual handwriting recognition. In 2017 14th IAPR international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR) (Vol. 1, pp. 646-651). IEEE.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Graves, A., Fernández, S., Gomez, F., & Schmidhuber, J. (2006, June). Connectionist temporal classification: labelling unsegmented sequence data with recurrent neural networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine learning (pp. 369-376).
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Espana-Boquera, S., Castro-Bleda, M. J., Gorbe-Moya, J., & Zamora-Martinez, F. (2010). Improving offline handwritten text recognition with hybrid HMM/ANN models. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 33(4), 767-779.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016, June). Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (pp. 770-778). IEEE.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Hochreiter, S., & Schmidhuber, J. (1997). Long short-term memory. Neural computation, 9(8), 1735-1780.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Chowdhury, A., & Vig, L. (2018). An efficient end-to-end neural model for handwritten text recognition. In 29th British Machine Vision Conference, BMVC 2018.
[Google Scholar] - Liu, C. L., & Suen, C. Y. (2009). A new benchmark on the recognition of handwritten Bangla and Farsi numeral characters. Pattern Recognition, 42(12), 3287-3295.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Szegedy, C., Liu, W., Jia, Y., Sermanet, P., Reed, S., Anguelov, D., ... & Rabinovich, A. (2015). Going deeper with convolutions. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 1-9).
[Google Scholar] - Kang, L., Riba, P., Rusiñol, M., Fornés, A., & Lladós, J. (2022). Pay attention to what you read: Non-recurrent handwritten text-line recognition. Pattern Recognition, 129, 108766.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Li, M., Lv, T., Chen, J., Cui, L., Lu, Y., Florencio, D., ... & Wei, F. (2023, June). Trocr: Transformer-based optical character recognition with pre-trained models. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (Vol. 37, No. 11, pp. 13094-13102).
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Wang, T., Xie, Z., Li, Z., Jin, L., & Chen, X. (2019). Radical aggregation network for few-shot offline handwritten Chinese character recognition. Pattern Recognition Letters, 125, 821-827.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Cite This Article
TY - JOUR AU - Dang, Zifeng AU - Liu, Jiahan AU - Xiong, Shuang AU - Ma, Jun AU - Ren, Xunhuan AU - Tsviatkou, Viktar Yurevich PY - 2026 DA - 2026/03/29 TI - AMRC-NET: A New Method for Recognition of Russian Handwritten Text Integrating Multipath Mechanism and Linguistic Features JO - Chinese Journal of Information Fusion T2 - Chinese Journal of Information Fusion JF - Chinese Journal of Information Fusion VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 62 EP - 73 DO - 10.62762/CJIF.2025.868838 UR - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/CJIF.2025.868838 KW - Russian handwritten text recognition KW - AMRC-NET KW - attention mechanism KW - multi-scale feature fusion KW - adaptive model integration KW - optical character recognition AB - Russian handwritten text recognition presents significant challenges due to the complex morphology of the Cyrillic alphabet, prevalent cursive writing, and substantial writer variability. To address the limitations of existing methods in dynamic contextual modeling and language-specific feature adaptation, this paper proposes an end-to-end framework named AMRC-NET. This framework integrates a multi-path architecture with linguistic feature awareness through three core modules: a Context Enhancement Module for long-range dependency modeling, a Russian Alphabet Morphology Optimization Module for script-specific pattern capture, and a Multi-Path Adaptive Fusion Mechanism for dynamic output integration. Extensive experiments on the Cyrillic Handwriting Dataset demonstrate that AMRC-NET achieves 48.15% in recognition accuracy, significantly outperforming existing models such as STAR-Net and GRCNN. Ablation studies further reveal that the three modules contribute accuracy improvements of 4.82%, 2.03%, and 1.58%, respectively, confirming their individual effectiveness and synergistic integration. The model also exhibits enhanced generalization capability, as reflected by lower validation loss and a reduced overfitting gap, while visual analysis confirms its robustness in challenging cursive writing scenarios. SN - 2998-3371 PB - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge LA - English ER -
@article{Dang2026AMRCNET,
author = {Zifeng Dang and Jiahan Liu and Shuang Xiong and Jun Ma and Xunhuan Ren and Viktar Yurevich Tsviatkou},
title = {AMRC-NET: A New Method for Recognition of Russian Handwritten Text Integrating Multipath Mechanism and Linguistic Features},
journal = {Chinese Journal of Information Fusion},
year = {2026},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {62-73},
doi = {10.62762/CJIF.2025.868838},
url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/CJIF.2025.868838},
abstract = {Russian handwritten text recognition presents significant challenges due to the complex morphology of the Cyrillic alphabet, prevalent cursive writing, and substantial writer variability. To address the limitations of existing methods in dynamic contextual modeling and language-specific feature adaptation, this paper proposes an end-to-end framework named AMRC-NET. This framework integrates a multi-path architecture with linguistic feature awareness through three core modules: a Context Enhancement Module for long-range dependency modeling, a Russian Alphabet Morphology Optimization Module for script-specific pattern capture, and a Multi-Path Adaptive Fusion Mechanism for dynamic output integration. Extensive experiments on the Cyrillic Handwriting Dataset demonstrate that AMRC-NET achieves 48.15\% in recognition accuracy, significantly outperforming existing models such as STAR-Net and GRCNN. Ablation studies further reveal that the three modules contribute accuracy improvements of 4.82\%, 2.03\%, and 1.58\%, respectively, confirming their individual effectiveness and synergistic integration. The model also exhibits enhanced generalization capability, as reflected by lower validation loss and a reduced overfitting gap, while visual analysis confirms its robustness in challenging cursive writing scenarios.},
keywords = {Russian handwritten text recognition, AMRC-NET, attention mechanism, multi-scale feature fusion, adaptive model integration, optical character recognition},
issn = {2998-3371},
publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}
Article Metrics
Publisher's Note
ICCK stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and Permissions
Copyright © 2026 by the Author(s). Published by Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
Portico