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Reliability Assessment and Optimization of Multi-State Aggregated Grid Systems Based on V2G Technology
1
School of Economics and Management, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
2
Shanxi Transportation Technology Research & Development Co., LTD, Taiyuan 030032, China
3
School of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology of China, Taiyuan 030024, China
* Corresponding Author:
Peng Su,
[email protected]
Volume 2, Issue 2
2026
Received: 14 April 2026
Accepted: 06 May 2026
Published: 11 May 2026
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Article Information
Published in
ICCK Transactions on Systems Safety and Reliability
Volume/Issue
Volume 2, Issue 2, 2026
Pages
123-139
Abstract
In recent years, while the rapid development of global electric vehicles (EVs) has been driving energy transition, their large-scale integration into power grids has posed significant challenges to the stability of power systems and the reliability of electricity supply. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology demonstrates potential in balancing grid peak-valley differences and facilitating renewable energy integration, thereby effectively mitigating issues caused by disorderly grid integration of massive EVs. This paper proposes a “Vehicle-to-Station-to-Grid” (VSG) aggregated system based on V2G technology. In this system, the multi-state stochastic power output and demand of EVs are considered. Power generated by an EV is allocated to other EVs in need through power transmission lines with transmission losses and capacity constraints. This achieves dynamic power distribution within the “Vehicle-to-Station” Subsystem (VSS). A reliability evaluation model for the VSS is established using the universal generating function (UGF) method. An electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) is introduced as an energy storage container to enable bidirectional power interaction between the VSS and the grid subsystem. This further establishes the reliability model of the VSG aggregation system. This paper specifically analyzes two scenarios: with and without transmission losses. The effectiveness of the reliability models for the VSS and the VSG aggregation system is verified through theoretical derivation and numerical examples. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to clarify the impact of transmission losses on reliability. Finally, a goal programming model is established under constraints, and an optimization strategy for EVs based on a power-sharing mechanism is proposed within the VSG aggregation system.
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
vehicle-to-grid
multi-state systems
power sharing
reliability
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.
Funding
This work was supported by the Shanxi Provincial Basic Research Program Youth Project under Grant 202403021212004.
Conflicts of Interest
Peng Su is affiliated with the Shanxi Transportation Technology Research & Development Co., LTD, Taiyuan 030032, China. The authors declare that this affiliation had no influence on the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or the decision to publish, and that no other competing interests exist.
AI Use Statement
The authors declare that no generative AI was used in the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
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APA Style
Yang, X., Su, P., & Dong, Y. (2026). Reliability Assessment and Optimization of Multi-State Aggregated Grid Systems Based on V2G Technology. ICCK Transactions on Systems Safety and Reliability, 2(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.62762/TSSR.2026.977328
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TY - JOUR AU - Yang, Xu AU - Su, Peng AU - Dong, Yuzhe PY - 2026 DA - 2026/05/11 TI - Reliability Assessment and Optimization of Multi-State Aggregated Grid Systems Based on V2G Technology JO - ICCK Transactions on Systems Safety and Reliability T2 - ICCK Transactions on Systems Safety and Reliability JF - ICCK Transactions on Systems Safety and Reliability VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 123 EP - 139 DO - 10.62762/TSSR.2026.977328 UR - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TSSR.2026.977328 KW - vehicle-to-grid KW - multi-state systems KW - power sharing KW - reliability AB - In recent years, while the rapid development of global electric vehicles (EVs) has been driving energy transition, their large-scale integration into power grids has posed significant challenges to the stability of power systems and the reliability of electricity supply. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology demonstrates potential in balancing grid peak-valley differences and facilitating renewable energy integration, thereby effectively mitigating issues caused by disorderly grid integration of massive EVs. This paper proposes a “Vehicle-to-Station-to-Grid” (VSG) aggregated system based on V2G technology. In this system, the multi-state stochastic power output and demand of EVs are considered. Power generated by an EV is allocated to other EVs in need through power transmission lines with transmission losses and capacity constraints. This achieves dynamic power distribution within the “Vehicle-to-Station” Subsystem (VSS). A reliability evaluation model for the VSS is established using the universal generating function (UGF) method. An electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) is introduced as an energy storage container to enable bidirectional power interaction between the VSS and the grid subsystem. This further establishes the reliability model of the VSG aggregation system. This paper specifically analyzes two scenarios: with and without transmission losses. The effectiveness of the reliability models for the VSS and the VSG aggregation system is verified through theoretical derivation and numerical examples. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to clarify the impact of transmission losses on reliability. Finally, a goal programming model is established under constraints, and an optimization strategy for EVs based on a power-sharing mechanism is proposed within the VSG aggregation system. SN - 3069-1087 PB - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge LA - English ER -
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@article{Yang2026Reliabilit,
author = {Xu Yang and Peng Su and Yuzhe Dong},
title = {Reliability Assessment and Optimization of Multi-State Aggregated Grid Systems Based on V2G Technology},
journal = {ICCK Transactions on Systems Safety and Reliability},
year = {2026},
volume = {2},
number = {2},
pages = {123-139},
doi = {10.62762/TSSR.2026.977328},
url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TSSR.2026.977328},
abstract = {In recent years, while the rapid development of global electric vehicles (EVs) has been driving energy transition, their large-scale integration into power grids has posed significant challenges to the stability of power systems and the reliability of electricity supply. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology demonstrates potential in balancing grid peak-valley differences and facilitating renewable energy integration, thereby effectively mitigating issues caused by disorderly grid integration of massive EVs. This paper proposes a “Vehicle-to-Station-to-Grid” (VSG) aggregated system based on V2G technology. In this system, the multi-state stochastic power output and demand of EVs are considered. Power generated by an EV is allocated to other EVs in need through power transmission lines with transmission losses and capacity constraints. This achieves dynamic power distribution within the “Vehicle-to-Station” Subsystem (VSS). A reliability evaluation model for the VSS is established using the universal generating function (UGF) method. An electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) is introduced as an energy storage container to enable bidirectional power interaction between the VSS and the grid subsystem. This further establishes the reliability model of the VSG aggregation system. This paper specifically analyzes two scenarios: with and without transmission losses. The effectiveness of the reliability models for the VSS and the VSG aggregation system is verified through theoretical derivation and numerical examples. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to clarify the impact of transmission losses on reliability. Finally, a goal programming model is established under constraints, and an optimization strategy for EVs based on a power-sharing mechanism is proposed within the VSG aggregation system.},
keywords = {vehicle-to-grid, multi-state systems, power sharing, reliability},
issn = {3069-1087},
publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}
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