The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Artemis II lunar flyby mission paved the way for future moon landings and directed research toward installing the first lunar microgrid. NASA predicts that a solar-powered microgrid at the lunar South Pole (LunaGrid) will become operational in 2028 and will interconnect multiple nodes to support the Artemis Base Camp. The architecture of the LunaGrid microgrid will be modular for the integration of several fission reactors (in one nuclear power plant of up to 100 kW). The aim is to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to the Artemis Base Camp by 2030 during the 14-day lunar nights when solar power is not available. In additio... More >

The rapid integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) into modern power grids necessitates robust safety architectures to prevent catastrophic failures such as thermal runaway. Current diagnostic frameworks are often reliant on isolated, single-parameter thresholds and lack direct linkage to hardware-level execution. This work proposes a comprehensive, multi-parameter early warning and hierarchical protection methodology that bridges the gap between software-based fault detection and practical electromechanical response. The proposed algorithm calculates a dynamic, weighted safety score in real-time by structurally integrating internal battery management system (BMS) metrics, such a... More >

This paper presents an experimental comparative analysis of electromechanical, static, and microprocessor-based protective relays using the secondary injection testing method. The study evaluates key performance indicators, including pickup current, dropout current, and operating time, under controlled laboratory conditions. The results show that electromechanical relays exhibit pickup current deviations below 5\%, accompanied by relatively high variability in operating time (up to 0.2 s), mainly due to inherent mechanical limitations. Static relays demonstrate improved performance, with enhanced stability, reduced deviations, and limited time variation within ±0.1 s. Microprocessor-based r... More >

The GoToTwin project (INTERREG IPA ADRION PROGRAMME) deals with integration of renewable energy sources thus strengthening the innovation capacities in the region that is presented by partners from North Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Greece. The mentioned integration will go through a digital platform and will represent digital twins for each renewable energy source (sun, wind and water). Besides technical goals, this project will promote cross-sector collaboration, enable capacity building, create policies and establish cooperation networks across the region. This paper presents an overview of the project objectives together with a partial progress report... More >

Microgrids and nanogrids are increasingly deployed to support decentralized generation, local resilience, and renewable integration. However, their growing reliance on digital control, communication networks, cloud services, and IT–OT integration exposes them to diverse cybersecurity threats. Unlike traditional utility-scale systems, microgrids and nanogrids often operate under resource constraints, heterogeneous architectures, and limited cybersecurity expertise, making direct application of large-scale security frameworks impractical. This paper proposes a structured cybersecurity assessment framework for small- and medium-scale energy systems, supporting systematic risk identification,... More >