The ebulled bed hydrocracking technology of petroleum residues, called H-Oil, was invented in the 1950s. The first patent was issued in 1961. A demonstration unit was started up in 1963, and the first large-scale commercial unit was started up in 1968. There are currently 21 vacuum residue hydrocracking units operating worldwide using the ebulled bed reactor technology. Since 2015, the ebulated bed vacuum residue (VR) hydrocracking has been operated at the LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas (LNB) refinery. Performance of LNB ebullated bed vacuum residue H-Oil hydrocracker for a period of 10 years during processing 39 different vacuum residues at reactor temperatures between 408 and 434°C, and liquid ho... More >