Fog-enabled Internet of Things (IoT-Fog) architectures and the Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (Cognitive IOV) are becoming key enablers for next-generation intelligent transport systems. At the same time, Blockchain is used to support integrity, transparency, and trust in distributed vehicular services. In this perspective article, we link these domains by discussing a hybrid Mutable-Immutable Blockchain Architecture in which mutable ledgers at the fog layer are combined with an immutable ledger in the cloud. We first outline an analytical model for Cognitive IOV over IoT-Fog, and then extend it to include Blockchain-related delays, throughput, and tamper resistance in the hybrid architectur... More >

IoT-Fog networks create big challenges in scalability, latency, and security at the edge. This paper gives a simple perspective on how sidechains and artificial intelligence (AI) can help. Sidechains process local transactions near devices, increase throughput, and reduce delay. AI methods, such as Random Forest, detect abnormal traffic, predict workload peaks, and adjust network settings (for example, block time and number of validators). We present clear, small formulas for throughput, latency, checkpoint cost, and security, and we show how these formulas guide design choices (block time $T_b$, confirmations $k$, checkpoint period $\tau$). The goal is an easy model that links design choice... More >