Environmental commitments related to fuel production make it imperative that new forms of propulsion be developed in the future. This review discusses the most salient aspects related to recent alternative fuels, such as biofuels and electric fuels, considered low-carbon fuels, as well as zero-emission fuels, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), as part of the actions that are already foreseeable for the future replacement of fossil fuels. A section is related to the challenges that existing fossil fuels are facing during this energy transition. Petrochemical production is another important issue discussed in this document, addressing first the most relevant aspects related to the petro... More >