In recent years, while the rapid development of global electric vehicles (EVs) has been driving energy transition, their large-scale integration into power grids has posed significant challenges to the stability of power systems and the reliability of electricity supply. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology demonstrates potential in balancing grid peak-valley differences and facilitating renewable energy integration, thereby effectively mitigating issues caused by disorderly grid integration of massive EVs. This paper proposes a “Vehicle-to-Station-to-Grid” (VSG) aggregated system based on V2G technology. In this system, the multi-state stochastic power output and demand of EVs are considere... More >