This study assessed the impacts of sea encroachment in Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria, using multi-temporal optical satellite imagery and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). This study analyzed past and recent shoreline change trends, simulated elevation-based vulnerability to flooding, and predicted the potential effects of sea-level rise. Landsat images from 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2025 were analyzed to identify the shoreline, and shoreline changes were calculated using the End Point Rate (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR) in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Elevation-based vulnerability maps were m... More >