CRISPR-Cas platforms have transformed plant functional genomics, yet nucleases such as Cas9 and Cas12a remain constrained by two seemingly distinct limitations: imperfect target discrimination and inefficient intracellular delivery. Here, this review proposes that these constraints are functionally coupled through the intracellular abundance, nuclear access, and chromatin residence time of active Cas-gRNA complexes. Off-target activity arises from guide-target mismatch tolerance during R-loop formation, whereas rigid plant cell walls constrain the delivery of RNP and DNA cargo. These processes can become coupled when delivery limitations alter the concentration or duration of active Cas-gRNA... More >

Drought stress is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses threatening global food security. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 5 (MKK5) are independently recognized as central regulators of plant stress adaptation; however, the molecular intersection of their signaling axes remains poorly characterized. This review proposes and examines a coherent molecular framework wherein melatonin, perceived via the phytomelatonin receptor PMTR1/CAND2, may converge on MKK5-containing MPK3/6 signaling modules as part of a broader MKK4/5/7/9 MAPK response network to orchestrate an integrated drought stress response. Key convergence points include the A... More >

Plant biotechnology has been transformed by CRISPR-Cas genome editing, which has improved crops with previously unheard-of accuracy and efficiency. Base editing, prime editing, and enhanced delivery systems are the most recent CRISPR applications for plant genome editing. Advances like CRISPR-Act3.0 and HDR-mediated precise insertions have expanded plant genetic engineering tools. We discuss successful applications in rice, wheat, maize, and woody species that have resulted in improvements in disease resistance, stress tolerance, and yield. Despite delivery efficiency and off-target effects, CRISPR technology suggests sustainable global agriculture and climate adaptation. More >