This study investigates the heat transfer and Marangoni convection flow of a hybrid Al$_2$O$_3$-Cu/water nanofluid over a stretching/shrinking sheet. Surface tension-driven thermal Marangoni convection arises from the wall temperature gradient. The novel aspects include the combined effects of a Riga plate, thermal radiation, the Darcy--Forchheimer model, and Casson fluid characteristics. The Riga plate, comprising magnets and electrodes, generates a Lorentz force influenced by the fluid's vertical electrical conductivity. Similarity transformations convert the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations, which are numerically solved using MATLAB's bvp4c sol... More >

In order to improve heat transfer efficiency, it is essential to examine that MHD hybrid nanofluid flows behave under convective and slip boundary conditions. Researchers have looked at a variety of factors when adding hybrid nanofluids to these flows, including Forchheimer number, radiation, magnetic fields, Biot number, and the Joule heating. The novelty of the current study lies in investigating the consequences of Casson fluid in the Darcy Forchheimer flow of a three-dimensional rotating hybrid nanofluid, which have not been thoroughly covered in the literature. This includes combinations of heat sources/sinks, magnetic parameters, and radiation absorption as well as convective condition... More >