Examination environments across Pakistan's university-affiliated college sector are designed to uphold fairness, integrity, and student dignity. However, systemic gaps in invigilation governance including absent standardized procedures, limited invigilator training, and inadequate accountability mechanisms allow arbitrary administrative practices to persist unchecked, harming student performance and psychological well-being. This mixed-methods study investigates repeated, unjustified search practices and documentation checks during formal examinations, documenting their ethical and procedural implications within Pakistan's broader examination governance framework. Data were gathered through... More >

Pakistan ranks among the world's most climate-vulnerable nations, experiencing recurrent floods, extreme heatwaves, droughts, and water insecurity despite contributing less than one percent to global greenhouse gas emissions. Although numerous climate policies and strategic frameworks have been formulated, their implementation remains substantially limited, exemplifying policy paralysis wherein political acknowledgement fails to translate into effective action. This study examines climate change through a public policy and governance lens, contending that the crisis represents primarily an institutional failure rather than insufficient awareness. Key drivers of policy paralysis include weak... More >