Operating rooms (ORs) account for a significant fraction of a hospital's energy footprint, yet traditional surgical scheduling models ignore the dynamic energy consumption of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, particularly the thermal inertia and peak restart loads. Furthermore, the interaction with the Post‑Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) creates blocking effects that invalidate isolated OR schedules. This paper introduces a bi‑objective mixed‑integer linear programming (MILP) model and a metaheuristic framework for the Green Ambulatory Surgery Scheduling Problem with PACU constraints (G‑ASSP‑P). The objectives minimise both total completion time (makespan) and... More >