In this study, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO$_2$-NPs) were synthesized via a green, cost-effective method using Azadirachta indica leaf extract as a natural capping and reducing agent. Characterization techniques including UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and PL spectroscopy confirmed successful synthesis. UV-vis and FTIR confirmed surface functionalization by organic residues, while XRD revealed a well-crystalline anatase phase with average crystallite sizes of 42.2--54 nm. SEM analysis showed predominantly spherical particles (70--90 nm), and EDX confirmed high purity with only Ti and oxygen present. PL spectra exhibited emission peaks at 420, 468, 493, and 539 nm. The green TiO$_2$-NPs... More >

This review article covers the comprehensive incorporation of nanotechnology into cartilage tissue engineering. Specifically, nano-engineered scaffolds which replicate the hierarchical architecture of native cartilage, providing biomechanical support while promoting chondrocyte attachment and extracellular matrix deposition are highlighted. Nanoparticle-based systems which further enhance regeneration by enabling site-specific, sustained release of growth factors, anti-inflammatory agents, and gene therapies such as TGF-β and IL-1Ra, thereby improving therapeutic precision and efficacy are also discussed. Nanotopographical cues and surface functionalization techniques (e.g., RGD peptides) w... More >