TY  - JOUR
AU  - Yogi, Manas Kumar
AU  - Snehitha, Jajimoggala
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/05/31
TI  - Energy-Optimized Blockchain Architectures for Sustainable Distributed Computing
JO  - Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing
T2  - Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing
JF  - Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
SP  - 83
EP  - 103
DO  - 10.62762/JRSC.2026.157158
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JRSC.2026.157158
KW  - green blockchain
KW  - sustainable distributed computing
KW  - energy-efficient consensus
KW  - carbon-neutral infrastructure
KW  - Proof-of-Stake
KW  - byzantine fault tolerance
KW  - distributed ledger technology
KW  - edge computing
KW  - IoT blockchain
KW  - carbon footprint accounting
AB  - Blockchain technology offers transformative potential across distributed computing domains; however, dominant consensus mechanisms such as Proof of Work (PoW) impose severe energy and carbon costs, and existing research addresses only isolated components—consensus, storage, or sharding—rather than the full architectural system. This paper introduces the Energy-Optimized Blockchain Architecture (EOBA), the first nine-layer framework in which energy awareness is a foundational, cross-cutting design principle embedded across all architectural layers. EOBA integrates energy monitoring, hybrid energy-aware consensus, energy-guided task scheduling, dynamic sharding, hybrid on-chain/off-chain storage, and operational carbon footprint accounting within a single cohesive system. Two formally specified algorithms underpin the framework: Algorithm 1 (Energy-Efficient Node Selection, O(N log N)) and Algorithm 2 (Hybrid Energy-Optimized Consensus combining PBFT and PoS with dynamic switching). Monte Carlo simulation results over 10–200-node networks demonstrate 56.5% energy reduction versus standard PoS, 77% carbon emission reduction versus PoW, 2.4× throughput improvement, and 58% latency improvement at 200-node scale. The carbon accounting subsystem generates per-round immutable on-chain emission records as a byproduct of consensus operation. These results establish that sustainable blockchain systems require architecture-level co-optimisation, not isolated protocol improvements.
SN  - 3070-6424
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  - 

@article{Yogi2026EnergyOpti,
  author = {Manas Kumar Yogi and Jajimoggala Snehitha},
  title = {Energy-Optimized Blockchain Architectures for Sustainable Distributed Computing},
  journal = {Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {83-103},
  doi = {10.62762/JRSC.2026.157158},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JRSC.2026.157158},
  abstract = {Blockchain technology offers transformative potential across distributed computing domains; however, dominant consensus mechanisms such as Proof of Work (PoW) impose severe energy and carbon costs, and existing research addresses only isolated components—consensus, storage, or sharding—rather than the full architectural system. This paper introduces the Energy-Optimized Blockchain Architecture (EOBA), the first nine-layer framework in which energy awareness is a foundational, cross-cutting design principle embedded across all architectural layers. EOBA integrates energy monitoring, hybrid energy-aware consensus, energy-guided task scheduling, dynamic sharding, hybrid on-chain/off-chain storage, and operational carbon footprint accounting within a single cohesive system. Two formally specified algorithms underpin the framework: Algorithm 1 (Energy-Efficient Node Selection, O(N log N)) and Algorithm 2 (Hybrid Energy-Optimized Consensus combining PBFT and PoS with dynamic switching). Monte Carlo simulation results over 10–200-node networks demonstrate 56.5\% energy reduction versus standard PoS, 77\% carbon emission reduction versus PoW, 2.4× throughput improvement, and 58\% latency improvement at 200-node scale. The carbon accounting subsystem generates per-round immutable on-chain emission records as a byproduct of consensus operation. These results establish that sustainable blockchain systems require architecture-level co-optimisation, not isolated protocol improvements.},
  keywords = {green blockchain, sustainable distributed computing, energy-efficient consensus, carbon-neutral infrastructure, Proof-of-Stake, byzantine fault tolerance, distributed ledger technology, edge computing, IoT blockchain, carbon footprint accounting},
  issn = {3070-6424},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}