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Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms and Enhancement Techniques for Federated Learning-Based Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Smart Homes
Research Article  ·  Published: 28 January 2026
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Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing
Volume 2, Issue 1, 2026: 1-26
Research Article Open Access

Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms and Enhancement Techniques for Federated Learning-Based Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Smart Homes

by
Amro Alghamdi Amro Alghamdi 1
Ismail Keshta Ismail Keshta 1 * ORCID
1 Department of Applied Sciences, College of Science and Information Systems, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
* Corresponding Author: Ismail Keshta, [email protected]
Volume 2, Issue 1
Volume 2, Issue 1 2026
Received: 29 December 2025 Accepted: 20 January 2026 Published: 28 January 2026 CrossMark
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DOI: 10.62762/JRSC.2025.761390
ARK: ark:/57805/jrsc.2025.761390

Article Information

Published in Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing
Volume/Issue Volume 2, Issue 1, 2026
Pages 1-26

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of smart home IoT devices has introduced unprecedented cybersecurity vulnerabilities, necessitating scalable and privacy-preserving intrusion detection systems (IDS). Federated Learning (FL) offers a promising decentralized approach by training models locally without sharing raw data, but it remains susceptible to poisoning attacks and relies on a vulnerable central aggregator. This paper presents a novel blockchain-enhanced FL framework tailored for smart home IDS, integrating multiple consensus mechanisms—Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), and Proof-of-Authority (PoA)—for the first time in this context. Our approach uniquely combines differential privacy (DP) and secure aggregation (SA) within a blockchain-managed workflow to mitigate gradient inversion and membership inference attacks while ensuring tamper-resistant, decentralized trust. Experimental evaluation using the N-BaIoT dataset demonstrates that the proposed system achieves up to 88.3% detection accuracy with manageable latency (~200 ms/round) and formal privacy guarantees ($\varepsilon$=1.0 DP). The framework introduces 52.8% system overhead compared to vanilla FL—a reasonable trade-off for enhanced security and privacy. This work establishes a robust, transparent, and scalable security infrastructure for smart homes, effectively addressing the limitations of both centralized and conventional FL-based IDS.

Graphical Abstract

Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms and Enhancement Techniques for Federated Learning-Based Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Smart Homes

Keywords

smart home security internet of things (IoT) intrusion detection system (IDS) federated learning (FL) blockchain consensus mechanisms privacy-preserving machine learning decentralized trust model poisoning cyber security

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Funding

This work was supported without any funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

AI Use Statement

The authors declare that generative AI tools were used solely for language-related assistance during the preparation of this manuscript. Grammarly was employed to check spelling and grammatical errors, and Deepseek-R1 was used for proofreading the manuscript. All scientific content, interpretations, and conclusions are the sole responsibility of the authors.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

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Cite This Article

APA Style
Alghamdi, A., & Keshta, I. (2026). Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms and Enhancement Techniques for Federated Learning-Based Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Smart Homes. Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing, 2(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.62762/JRSC.2025.761390
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TY  - JOUR
AU  - Alghamdi, Amro
AU  - Keshta, Ismail
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/01/28
TI  - Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms and Enhancement Techniques for Federated Learning-Based Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Smart Homes
JO  - Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing
T2  - Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing
JF  - Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
SP  - 1
EP  - 26
DO  - 10.62762/JRSC.2025.761390
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JRSC.2025.761390
KW  - smart home security
KW  - internet of things (IoT)
KW  - intrusion detection system (IDS)
KW  - federated learning (FL)
KW  - blockchain
KW  - consensus mechanisms
KW  - privacy-preserving machine learning
KW  - decentralized trust
KW  - model poisoning
KW  - cyber security
AB  - The rapid proliferation of smart home IoT devices has introduced unprecedented cybersecurity vulnerabilities, necessitating scalable and privacy-preserving intrusion detection systems (IDS). Federated Learning (FL) offers a promising decentralized approach by training models locally without sharing raw data, but it remains susceptible to poisoning attacks and relies on a vulnerable central aggregator. This paper presents a novel blockchain-enhanced FL framework tailored for smart home IDS, integrating multiple consensus mechanisms—Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), and Proof-of-Authority (PoA)—for the first time in this context. Our approach uniquely combines differential privacy (DP) and secure aggregation (SA) within a blockchain-managed workflow to mitigate gradient inversion and membership inference attacks while ensuring tamper-resistant, decentralized trust. Experimental evaluation using the N-BaIoT dataset demonstrates that the proposed system achieves up to 88.3% detection accuracy with manageable latency (~200 ms/round) and formal privacy guarantees ($\varepsilon$=1.0 DP). The framework introduces 52.8% system overhead compared to vanilla FL—a reasonable trade-off for enhanced security and privacy. This work establishes a robust, transparent, and scalable security infrastructure for smart homes, effectively addressing the limitations of both centralized and conventional FL-based IDS.
SN  - 3070-6424
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  -
BibTeX Format
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@article{Alghamdi2026Blockchain,
  author = {Amro Alghamdi and Ismail Keshta},
  title = {Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms and Enhancement Techniques for Federated Learning-Based Intrusion Detection Systems in IoT Smart Homes},
  journal = {Journal of Reliable and Secure Computing},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-26},
  doi = {10.62762/JRSC.2025.761390},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JRSC.2025.761390},
  abstract = {The rapid proliferation of smart home IoT devices has introduced unprecedented cybersecurity vulnerabilities, necessitating scalable and privacy-preserving intrusion detection systems (IDS). Federated Learning (FL) offers a promising decentralized approach by training models locally without sharing raw data, but it remains susceptible to poisoning attacks and relies on a vulnerable central aggregator. This paper presents a novel blockchain-enhanced FL framework tailored for smart home IDS, integrating multiple consensus mechanisms—Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), and Proof-of-Authority (PoA)—for the first time in this context. Our approach uniquely combines differential privacy (DP) and secure aggregation (SA) within a blockchain-managed workflow to mitigate gradient inversion and membership inference attacks while ensuring tamper-resistant, decentralized trust. Experimental evaluation using the N-BaIoT dataset demonstrates that the proposed system achieves up to 88.3\% detection accuracy with manageable latency (~200 ms/round) and formal privacy guarantees (\$\varepsilon\$=1.0 DP). The framework introduces 52.8\% system overhead compared to vanilla FL—a reasonable trade-off for enhanced security and privacy. This work establishes a robust, transparent, and scalable security infrastructure for smart homes, effectively addressing the limitations of both centralized and conventional FL-based IDS.},
  keywords = {smart home security, internet of things (IoT), intrusion detection system (IDS), federated learning (FL), blockchain, consensus mechanisms, privacy-preserving machine learning, decentralized trust, model poisoning, cyber security},
  issn = {3070-6424},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}

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CC BY Copyright © 2026 by the Author(s). Published by Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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