Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is entering the mandate era while still representing a sub-percent share of global aviation fuel. This Perspective argues that the next bottleneck is not only production capacity, but climate allocation: which carbon sources, hydrogen, renewable electrons and molecular structures should become jet fuel, and where that fuel should be deployed to deliver the greatest avoided climate impact. SAF 2.0 is proposed as a carbon- and contrail-intensity managed refinery–airport architecture that links certified HEFA, Fischer–Tropsch, alcohol-to-jet, power-to-liquid/e-SAF and co-processing modules with molecular finishing, digital monitoring, reporting and verificati... More >

Machine learning has emerged as a flexible alternative for modeling adsorption equilibrium. However, its limitations in highly nonlinear systems remain unclear. In this work, a feedforward neural network was evaluated using experimental adsorption data for CO$_2$ and N$_2$ on zeolite 13X taken from the literature. While the model accurately reproduces N$_2$ adsorption behavior, it exhibits systematic deviations for CO$_2$, particularly at higher loadings. Training diagnostics reveal a persistent validation loss plateau, indicating a limitation in the model's ability to further reduce prediction error. These results suggest that the discrepancy is not due to data quality or overfitting, but r... More >

Petroleum kerosene (SRK) and its blends with the bio-components palm oil mill effluent (POME) and cardanol in amount of 2 and 5\% were hydrotreated on commercial Co-Mo catalyst in a laboratory trickle bed reactor at temperature of 290°C, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 1.28 h$^{-1}$, total pressure of 3.0 MPa, H$_2$/Oil ratio of 290 Nm$^3$/Nm$^3$ to simulate co-processing aiming at production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in the existing hydrotreating technology employed to manufacture petroleum based Jet-A1 aviation fuel. It was found that increased hydrogen consumption during co-processing bio-feeds was mainly related to hydrodeoxygenation reaction leading to production of H$_... More >

This study explores the synthesis and application of Ni-based photocatalysts supported on MCM-41 and Al-MCM-41 for phenol degradation. Three preparation methods were evaluated and compared: Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Incipient Wet Impregnation (IWI), and Template Ion Exchange (TIE). The influence of the Si/Al ratio of 5 and 60 on phenol photodegradation was also examined. The results showed that the Ni/MCM-41 photocatalyst prepared by CVD achieved the highest degradation efficiency (97.28%), while the TIE method proved to be the most versatile overall. Notably, the TIE method was the only synthesis method capable of exhibiting photocatalytic activity in phenol degradation on all suppor... More >

Environmental commitments related to fuel production make it imperative that new forms of propulsion be developed in the future. This review discusses the most salient aspects related to recent alternative fuels, such as biofuels and electric fuels, considered low-carbon fuels, as well as zero-emission fuels, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), as part of the actions that are already foreseeable for the future replacement of fossil fuels. A section is related to the challenges that existing fossil fuels are facing during this energy transition. Petrochemical production is another important issue discussed in this document, addressing first the most relevant aspects related to the petro... More >

Sustainable Aviation Fuel is the most viable near-term strategy for decarbonizing commercial aviation. Its performance depends fundamentally on the quality of the feedstock and conversion efficiency. This paper examines the four principal ASTM-certified pathways: Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK), Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ), and Power-to-Liquid (PtL/eSAF). Additionally, it highlights how feedstock chemical composition, contaminants, moisture content, and carbon intensity affect conversion outcomes, including fuel yield, catalyst performance, minimum fuel selling price, and lifecycle greenhouse gas reduction. Feedstock cost accounts... More >

ZSM-5 zeolite possesses a three-dimensional network of microporous channels formed by oxygen-linked Si and Al tetrahedra, which confers a high surface area, stability, and hydrophobic properties that increase with the Si/Al ratio. These characteristics make ZSM-5 a suitable material for the adsorption of gases such as hydrogen. In pure ZSM-5, hydrogen storage occurs primarily through physisorption in the micropores, exhibiting type I isotherms and an adsorption capacity that increases with pressure, especially at low temperatures. The relatively low adsorption energy indicates weak interactions that keep the hydrogen in a molecular state and allow for its reversible release. However, the sto... More >

Biodiesel has evolved from a niche alternative fuel into a strategic component of global decarbonization and energy diversification efforts. Its compatibility with existing engines, low sulfur content, and potential integration within circular bioeconomy frameworks position biodiesel as a relevant contributor to renewable energy transitions, particularly in regions with strong agricultural and agro-industrial sectors. Despite substantial progress in feedstock diversification, catalytic innovation, and process intensification, biodiesel production continues to face persistent challenges related to cost competitiveness, sustainability metrics, land use pressures, and scalability. This Perspect... More >