Journal of Advanced Materials Research Home About Editors Current Issue
Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy for Nanomaterial Dynamics and Applications
Review Article  ·  Published: 28 May 2026
Issue cover
Journal of Advanced Materials Research
Volume 2, Issue 2, 2026: 151-168
Review Article Open Access

Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy for Nanomaterial Dynamics and Applications

by
Ziming Shang Ziming Shang 1,† ORCID
Yu Su Yu Su 1,† ORCID
Yi Chen Yi Chen 2
Qiubo Zhang Qiubo Zhang 1 * ORCID
1 SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
2 Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, United States
† These authors contributed equally to this work
* Corresponding Author: Qiubo Zhang, [email protected]
Volume 2, Issue 2
Volume 2, Issue 2 2026
Received: 31 March 2026 Accepted: 13 May 2026 Published: 28 May 2026 CrossMark
Download PDF 11.38 MB Cite Metrics
DOI: 10.62762/JAMR.2026.738602
ARK: ark:/57805/jamr.2026.738602

Article Information

Published in Journal of Advanced Materials Research
Volume/Issue Volume 2, Issue 2, 2026
Pages 151-168

Abstract

Nanomaterials play crucial roles in energy, catalysis, biomedicine, and electronic devices. A systematic and in-depth understanding of the dynamic behavior during structural evolution and practical applications is significant. Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) is a powerful in situ characterization technique. It provides atomic-scale resolution and high temporal resolution observation for the evolution of nanomaterials in solution and has become a crucial tool for studying the dynamic processes of nanomaterials. This review summarizes the latest research progress of LP-TEM in nanomaterial nucleation and growth, etching and corrosion, self-assembly, and electrochemical applications, which is significant for understanding the developmental trajectory of liquid phase electron microscopy. Furthermore, this review outlines the challenges currently faced by LP-TEM and provides perspectives on future strategies to overcome these limitations. This review aims to provide a new perspective for broader nanomaterials research and to expand the application of LP-TEM in nanomaterials research.

Graphical Abstract

Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy for Nanomaterial Dynamics and Applications

Keywords

liquid phase TEM nanomaterials nucleation and growth etching and corrosion assembly electrochemistry

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Funding

This work was supported by the Research Start-up Fund for New Teachers of Southeast University under Grant 4006012510.

Conflicts of Interest

Qiubo Zhang serves as a Editorial Board Member of the Journal of Advanced Materials Research. To ensure the integrity of the peer-review process, Qiubo Zhang had no involvement in the editorial handling, peer review, or decision-making process for this manuscript. The manuscript was handled independently by another editor in accordance with the journal's editorial policies. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest. Note: The SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center is a joint laboratory between Southeast University and FEI Company (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The authors confirm that this affiliation did not influence the objectivity of this review.

AI Use Statement

The authors declare that ChatGPT-5 was used solely for language polishing in the preparation of this manuscript, and the authors have reviewed and take full responsibility for the content.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

References

  1. Zhou, Z. Y., Tian, N., Li, J. T., Broadwell, I., & Sun, S. G. (2011). Nanomaterials of high surface energy with exceptional properties in catalysis and energy storage. Chemical Society Reviews, 40(7), 4167-4185.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  2. Yang, X., Yang, M., Pang, B., Vara, M., & Xia, Y. (2015). Gold nanomaterials at work in biomedicine. Chemical reviews, 115(19), 10410-10488.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  3. Franklin, A. D. (2015). Nanomaterials in transistors: From high-performance to thin-film applications. Science, 349(6249), aab2750.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  4. Zheng, H., Smith, R. K., Jun, Y. W., Kisielowski, C., Dahmen, U., & Alivisatos, A. P. (2009). Observation of single colloidal platinum nanocrystal growth trajectories. Science, 324(5932), 1309-1312.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  5. Yuk, J. M., Park, J., Ercius, P., Kim, K., Hellebusch, D. J., Crommie, M. F., ... & Alivisatos, A. P. (2012). High-resolution EM of colloidal nanocrystal growth using graphene liquid cells. Science, 336(6077), 61-64.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  6. LaMer, V. K., & Dinegar, R. H. (1950). Theory, production and mechanism of formation of monodispersed hydrosols. Journal of the american chemical society, 72(11), 4847-4854.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  7. Di Vece, M., Grandjean, D., Van Bael, M. J., Romero, C. P., Wang, X., Decoster, S., ... & Lievens, P. (2008). Hydrogen-induced ostwald ripening at room temperature in a Pd nanocluster film. Physical review letters, 100(23), 236105.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  8. Li, D., Nielsen, M. H., Lee, J. R., Frandsen, C., Banfield, J. F., & De Yoreo, J. J. (2012). Direction-specific interactions control crystal growth by oriented attachment. Science, 336(6084), 1014-1018.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  9. Xin, H. L., & Zheng, H. (2012). In situ observation of oscillatory growth of bismuth nanoparticles. Nano letters, 12(3), 1470-1474.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  10. Liao, H. G., Zherebetskyy, D., Xin, H., Czarnik, C., Ercius, P., Elmlund, H., ... & Zheng, H. (2014). Facet development during platinum nanocube growth. Science, 345(6199), 916-919.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  11. Loh, N. D., Sen, S., Bosman, M., Tan, S. F., Zhong, J., Nijhuis, C. A., ... & Mirsaidov, U. (2017). Multistep nucleation of nanocrystals in aqueous solution. Nature chemistry, 9(1), 77-82.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  12. Zhang, Q., Peng, X., Nie, Y., Zheng, Q., Shangguan, J., Zhu, C., ... & Zheng, H. (2022). Defect-mediated ripening of core-shell nanostructures. Nature communications, 13(1), 2211.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  13. Liang, W. I., Zhang, X., Bustillo, K., Chiu, C. H., Wu, W. W., Xu, J., ... & Zheng, H. (2015). In situ study of spinel ferrite nanocrystal growth using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Chemistry of Materials, 27(23), 8146-8152.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  14. Liao, H. G., Cui, L., Whitelam, S., & Zheng, H. (2012). Real-Time Imaging of Pt\(_3\)Fe Nanorod Growth in Solution. Science, 336(6084), 1011-1014.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  15. Yang, J., Zeng, Z., Kang, J., Betzler, S., Czarnik, C., Zhang, X., ... & Zheng, H. (2019). Formation of two-dimensional transition metal oxide nanosheets with nanoparticles as intermediates. Nature materials, 18(9), 970-976.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  16. Ye, H., Wu, C., Cao, D., Zhang, G., Sun, Y., Zhu, Y., ... & Wang, R. (2026). Atomically resolved two-dimensional amorphous nuclei formed during MoS2 chemical vapor deposition. Science, 391(6728), 622-627.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  17. Long, R., Zhou, S., Wiley, B. J., & Xiong, Y. (2014). Oxidative etching for controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals: atomic addition and subtraction. Chemical Society Reviews, 43(17), 6288-6310.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hauwiller, M. R., Ondry, J. C., Chan, C. M., Khandekar, P., Yu, J., & Alivisatos, A. P. (2019). Gold nanocrystal etching as a means of probing the dynamic chemical environment in graphene liquid cell electron microscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141(10), 4428-4437.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hutzler, A., Fritsch, B., Jank, M. P., Branscheid, R., Martens, R. C., Spiecker, E., & März, M. (2019). In situ liquid cell TEM studies on etching and growth mechanisms of gold nanoparticles at a solid–liquid–gas interface. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 6(20), 1901027.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  20. Su, T., Wang, Z. L., & Wang, Z. (2019). In situ observations of shell growth and oxidative etching behaviors of Pd nanoparticles in solutions by liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Small, 15(14), 1900050.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  21. Zheng, Q., Shangguan, J., Li, X., Zhang, Q., Bustillo, K. C., Wang, L. W., ... & Zheng, H. (2021). Observation of surface ligands-controlled etching of palladium nanocrystals. Nano Letters, 21(15), 6640-6647.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  22. Wang, W., Xu, T., Bai, T., Zhu, C., Zhang, Q., Zhang, H., ... & Sun, L. (2020). Controlled oxidative etching of gold nanorods revealed through in-situ liquid cell electron microscopy. Science China Materials, 63(12), 2599-2605.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  23. Wang, W., Xu, T., Chen, J., Shangguan, J., Dong, H., Ma, H., ... & Sun, L. (2022). Solid–liquid–gas reaction accelerated by gas molecule tunnelling-like effect. Nature Materials, 21(8), 859-863.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  24. Zhang, Q., Gao, G., Shen, Y., Peng, X., Shangguan, J., Wang, Y., ... & Zheng, H. (2018). Anomalous Shape Evolution of Ag2O2 Nanocrystals Modulated by Surface Adsorbates during Electron Beam Etching. Nano Letters, 19(1), 591-597.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ye, X., Jones, M. R., Frechette, L. B., Chen, Q., Powers, A. S., Ercius, P., ... & Alivisatos, A. P. (2016). Single-particle mapping of nonequilibrium nanocrystal transformations. Science, 354(6314), 874-877.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  26. Shan, H., Gao, W., Xiong, Y., Shi, F., Yan, Y., Ma, Y., ... & Wu, J. (2018). Nanoscale kinetics of asymmetrical corrosion in core-shell nanoparticles. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1011.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  27. Shi, F., Tieu, P., Hu, H., Peng, J., Zhang, W., Li, F., ... & Wu, J. (2024). Direct in-situ imaging of electrochemical corrosion of Pd-Pt core-shell electrocatalysts. Nature Communications, 15(1), 5084.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  28. Peng, X., Shangguan, J., Zhang, Q., Hauwiller, M., Yu, H., Nie, Y., ... & Zheng, H. (2024). Unveiling corrosion pathways of Sn nanocrystals through high-resolution liquid cell electron microscopy. Nano Letters, 24(4), 1168-1175.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  29. Wu, J., Gao, W., Yang, H., & Zuo, J. M. (2017). Dissolution kinetics of oxidative etching of cubic and icosahedral platinum nanoparticles revealed by in situ liquid transmission electron microscopy. ACS nano, 11(2), 1696-1703.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  30. Grochowski, P., & Trylska, J. (2008). Continuum molecular electrostatics, salt effects, and counterion binding—A review of the Poisson–Boltzmann theory and its modifications. Biopolymers: Original Research on Biomolecules, 89(2), 93-113.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kilpatrick, J. I., Loh, S. H., & Jarvis, S. P. (2013). Directly probing the effects of ions on hydration forces at interfaces. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(7), 2628-2634.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  32. Luo, B., Smith, J. W., Ou, Z., & Chen, Q. (2017). Quantifying the Self-Assembly Behavior of Anisotropic Nanoparticles Using Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. Accounts of Chemical Research, 50(5), 1125-1133.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  33. Chen, Q., Cho, H., Manthiram, K., Yoshida, M., Ye, X., & Alivisatos, A. P. (2015). Interaction Potentials of Anisotropic Nanocrystals from the Trajectory Sampling of Particle Motion using in Situ Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Central Science, 1(1), 33-39.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  34. Zhu, C., Liang, S., Song, E., Zhou, Y., Wang, W., Shan, F., ... & Sun, L. (2018). In-situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy investigation on oriented attachment of gold nanoparticles. Nature communications, 9(1), 421.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  35. Liu, Y., Lin, X. M., Sun, Y., & Rajh, T. (2013). In situ visualization of self-assembly of charged gold nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(10), 3764-3767.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  36. Powers, A. S., Liao, H. G., Raja, S. N., Bronstein, N. D., Alivisatos, A. P., & Zheng, H. (2017). Tracking nanoparticle diffusion and interaction during self-assembly in a liquid cell. Nano letters, 17(1), 15-20.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  37. Park, J., Zheng, H., Lee, W. C., Geissler, P. L., Rabani, E., & Alivisatos, A. P. (2012). Direct Observation of Nanoparticle Superlattice Formation by Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Nano, 6(3), 2078-2085.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ou, Z., Wang, Z., Luo, B., Luijten, E., & Chen, Q. (2020). Kinetic pathways of crystallization at the nanoscale. Nature materials, 19(4), 450-455.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  39. Chen, Q., Whitmer, J. K., Jiang, S., Bae, S. C., Luijten, E., & Granick, S. (2011). Supracolloidal reaction kinetics of Janus spheres. Science, 331(6014), 199-202.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hong, J., Bae, J. H., Jo, H., Park, H. Y., Lee, S., Hong, S. J., ... & Chun, D. W. (2022). Metastable hexagonal close-packed palladium hydride in liquid cell TEM. Nature, 603(7902), 631-636.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  41. Ross, F. M. (2015). Opportunities and challenges in liquid cell electron microscopy. Science, 350(6267), aaa9886.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  42. Clark, N., Kelly, D. J., Zhou, M., Zou, Y. C., Myung, C. W., Hopkinson, D. G., ... & Haigh, S. J. (2022). Tracking single adatoms in liquid in a transmission electron microscope. Nature, 609(7929), 942-947.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  43. Peng, X., Tu, Q., Zhang, Y., Jun, K., Shen, F., Ogunfunmi, T., ... & Scott, M. C. (2023). Unraveling Li growth kinetics in solid electrolytes due to electron beam charging. Science Advances, 9(17), eabq3285.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  44. Huang, J. Y., Zhong, L., Wang, C. M., Sullivan, J. P., Xu, W., Zhang, L. Q., ... & Li, J. (2010). In Situ Observation of the Electrochemical Lithiation of a Single SnO2 Nanowire Electrode. Science, 330(6010), 1515-1520.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  45. Zhong, L., Liu, Y., Han, W. Q., Huang, J. Y., & Mao, S. X. (2017). In Situ Observation of Single‐Phase Lithium Intercalation in Sub‐25‐nm Nanoparticles. Advanced Materials, 29(26), 1700236.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  46. Williamson, M. J., Tromp, R. M., Vereecken, P. M., Hull, R., & Ross, I. F. (2003). Dynamic microscopy of nanoscale cluster growth at the solid–liquid interface. Nature materials, 2(8), 532-536.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  47. Xia, W., Zhang, Q., Xu, F., Ma, H., Chen, J., Qasim, K., ... & Sun, L. (2016). Visualizing the electrochemical lithiation/delithiation behaviors of black phosphorus by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120(11), 5861-5868.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  48. Zeng, Z., Liang, W. I., Liao, H. G., Xin, H. L., Chu, Y. H., & Zheng, H. (2014). Visualization of Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces in LiPF\(_6\)/EC/DEC Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries via in Situ TEM. Nano Letters, 14(4), 1745-1750.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  49. Leenheer, A. J., Jungjohann, K. L., Zavadil, K. R., Sullivan, J. P., & Harris, C. T. (2015). Lithium Electrodeposition Dynamics in Aprotic Electrolyte Observed in Situ via Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Nano, 9(4), 4379-4389.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  50. Sacci, R. L., Black, J. M., Balke, N., Dudney, N. J., More, K. L., & Unocic, R. R. (2015). Nanoscale imaging of fundamental Li battery chemistry: solid-electrolyte interphase formation and preferential growth of lithium metal nanoclusters. Nano letters, 15(3), 2011-2018.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  51. Dachraoui, W., Pauer, R., Battaglia, C., & Erni, R. (2023). Operando electrochemical liquid cell scanning transmission electron microscopy investigation of the growth and evolution of the mosaic solid electrolyte interphase for lithium-ion batteries. ACS nano, 17(20), 20434-20444.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  52. Li, Y., Li, Y., Pei, A., Yan, K., Sun, Y., Wu, C. L., ... & Cui, Y. (2017). Atomic structure of sensitive battery materials and interfaces revealed by cryo–electron microscopy. Science, 358(6362), 506-510.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  53. Wang, X., Zhang, M., Alvarado, J., Wang, S., Sina, M., Lu, B., ... & Meng, Y. S. (2017). New insights on the structure of electrochemically deposited lithium metal and its solid electrolyte interphases via cryogenic TEM. Nano letters, 17(12), 7606-7612.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  54. Fang, C., Li, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Yang, F., Lee, J. Z., ... & Meng, Y. S. (2019). Quantifying inactive lithium in lithium metal batteries. Nature, 572(7770), 511-515.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  55. Yang, Y., Louisia, S., Yu, S., Jin, J., Roh, I., Chen, C., ... & Yang, P. (2023). Operando studies reveal active Cu nanograins for CO2 electroreduction. Nature, 614(7971), 262-269.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ortiz Peña, N., Ihiawakrim, D., Han, M., Lassalle-Kaiser, B., Carenco, S., Sanchez, C., ... & Ersen, O. (2019). Morphological and structural evolution of Co3O4 nanoparticles revealed by in situ electrochemical transmission electron microscopy during electrocatalytic water oxidation. ACS nano, 13(10), 11372-11381.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  57. Kim, J., Park, A., Kim, J., Kwak, S. J., Lee, J. Y., Lee, D., ... & Park, J. (2022). Observation of H2 evolution and electrolyte diffusion on MoS2 monolayer by in situ liquid‐phase transmission electron microscopy. Advanced Materials, 34(45), 2206066.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  58. Zhang, Q., Song, Z., Sun, X., Liu, Y., Wan, J., Betzler, S. B., ... & Zheng, H. (2024). Atomic dynamics of electrified solid–liquid interfaces in liquid-cell TEM. Nature, 630(8017), 643-647.
    [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Cite This Article

APA Style
Shang, Z., Su, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2026). Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy for Nanomaterial Dynamics and Applications. Journal of Advanced Materials Research, 2(2), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.62762/JAMR.2026.738602
Export Citation
RIS Format
Compatible with EndNote, Zotero, Mendeley, and other reference managers
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Shang, Ziming
AU  - Su, Yu
AU  - Chen, Yi
AU  - Zhang, Qiubo
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/05/28
TI  - Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy for Nanomaterial Dynamics and Applications
JO  - Journal of Advanced Materials Research
T2  - Journal of Advanced Materials Research
JF  - Journal of Advanced Materials Research
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
SP  - 151
EP  - 168
DO  - 10.62762/JAMR.2026.738602
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JAMR.2026.738602
KW  - liquid phase TEM
KW  - nanomaterials
KW  - nucleation and growth
KW  - etching and corrosion
KW  - assembly
KW  - electrochemistry
AB  - Nanomaterials play crucial roles in energy, catalysis, biomedicine, and electronic devices. A systematic and in-depth understanding of the dynamic behavior during structural evolution and practical applications is significant. Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) is a powerful in situ characterization technique. It provides atomic-scale resolution and high temporal resolution observation for the evolution of nanomaterials in solution and has become a crucial tool for studying the dynamic processes of nanomaterials. This review summarizes the latest research progress of LP-TEM in nanomaterial nucleation and growth, etching and corrosion, self-assembly, and electrochemical applications, which is significant for understanding the developmental trajectory of liquid phase electron microscopy. Furthermore, this review outlines the challenges currently faced by LP-TEM and provides perspectives on future strategies to overcome these limitations. This review aims to provide a new perspective for broader nanomaterials research and to expand the application of LP-TEM in nanomaterials research.
SN  - 3070-5851
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  -
BibTeX Format
Compatible with LaTeX, BibTeX, and other reference managers
@article{Shang2026Liquid,
  author = {Ziming Shang and Yu Su and Yi Chen and Qiubo Zhang},
  title = {Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy for Nanomaterial Dynamics and Applications},
  journal = {Journal of Advanced Materials Research},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {151-168},
  doi = {10.62762/JAMR.2026.738602},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JAMR.2026.738602},
  abstract = {Nanomaterials play crucial roles in energy, catalysis, biomedicine, and electronic devices. A systematic and in-depth understanding of the dynamic behavior during structural evolution and practical applications is significant. Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) is a powerful in situ characterization technique. It provides atomic-scale resolution and high temporal resolution observation for the evolution of nanomaterials in solution and has become a crucial tool for studying the dynamic processes of nanomaterials. This review summarizes the latest research progress of LP-TEM in nanomaterial nucleation and growth, etching and corrosion, self-assembly, and electrochemical applications, which is significant for understanding the developmental trajectory of liquid phase electron microscopy. Furthermore, this review outlines the challenges currently faced by LP-TEM and provides perspectives on future strategies to overcome these limitations. This review aims to provide a new perspective for broader nanomaterials research and to expand the application of LP-TEM in nanomaterials research.},
  keywords = {liquid phase TEM, nanomaterials, nucleation and growth, etching and corrosion, assembly, electrochemistry},
  issn = {3070-5851},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}

Article Metrics

Citations
Crossref
0
Scopus
0
Views
271
PDF Downloads
48

Publisher's Note

ICCK stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and Permissions

CC BY Copyright © 2026 by the Author(s). Published by Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
Journal of Advanced Materials Research
Journal of Advanced Materials Research
ISSN: 3070-5851 (Online)
Portico
Preserved at
Portico

Article QR Code

Article QR Code
Scan to read this article
Submit Manuscript Edit a Special Issue

Popular Articles

Share This Article