Additive manufacturing (AM) is redefining the limits of directional solidification (DS) and single-crystal (SX) fabrication for nickel-based superalloys. By reconciling classical Bridgman theory with the extreme thermal gradients (G) and solidification velocities (V) inherent to AM, this review establishes a unified framework for controlled epitaxy. It dissects the kinetics of grain competition and the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET), highlighting how scan strategies and thermal management dictate melt pool geometry and the G/V ratio. A comparative assessment of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF), and directed energy deposition (DED) delineates di... More >

3D-printed ultra-high-performance concrete (3DP-UHPC), which combines high strength, high toughness, and construction flexibility, provides a solution to the reinforcement difficulty of conventional printed concrete. However, the layer-by-layer printing process induces pronounced anisotropy in compressive and flexural properties, which remains a key challenge for engineering applications. We used X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) to quantitatively analyse the internal pores and to reveal the orientation and distribution of steel fibres in 3DP-UHPC. Splitting tensile tests showed that the interlayer splitting tensile strength is approximately 49.3% lower than the conventional splitting tensile... More >

Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS), characterized by low surface energy and minimal adhesion to liquids, have attracted extensive attention for applications such as self-cleaning, waterproofing, dust resistance, and corrosion protection. Beyond these traditional functions, the de-icing and anti-icing capabilities of SHS have recently garnered significant interest due to their inherent passive ice-shedding behavior. However, a comprehensive, mechanistic understanding of icing phenomena on SHS, along with effective strategies for improving ice-phobic performance, remains inadequately established. This review presents a systematic evaluation of passive and hybrid active–passive anti-icing and de... More >

Thermal cracking poses a significant threat to the structural integrity and service life of mass concrete. The starch-based Temperature Rise Inhibitor (TRI) emerges as a sustainable and efficient bio-based solution that directly addresses the root cause - the intense heat release during early-age cement hydration. Unlike conventional chemical admixtures, TRI features a special "controlled dissolution" mechanism in the high-pH environment of cement paste. This characteristic ensures a continuous release of organic molecules that selectively inhibit the nucleation of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) gel, the primary hydrates of cement hydration. Consequently, TRI significantly slow down the h... More >

Amid global warming, energy shortages, and the increasing frequency of extreme climate events, the development of sustainable and intelligent underground infrastructure has become a critical strategy for addressing major societal challenges. Unlike surface structures, underground infrastructures are subjected to high stress, dynamic loading, and groundwater erosion. Under such conditions, traditional cement-based materials are prone to strength degradation, fatigue damage, and permeability failure, which significantly limits the service life and operational safety of underground constructions. Incorporating short carbon fibers into cement-based materials not only enhances their mechanical st... More >