The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has greatly influenced transportation by allowing autonomous vehicles to interact and communicate with other cars as well as with the surrounding traffic system. Even so, being interconnected comes with risks in terms of cyber attacks, for example, by injecting messages or fooling sensors through CAN systems. The study, consequently, suggests an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), and RoBERTa, to properly detect and handle these cyber threats. To solve the problem of unbalanced data, we use R... More >

Roman Urdu sentiment analysis faces significant challenges due to transliteration inconsistencies, informal language usage, and the lack of labeled datasets. This study proposes a novel framework that addresses these challenges by combining advanced data preprocessing techniques and data augmentation strategies such as synonym replacement, back-translation, and random word insertion. These methods enhance dataset diversity, improving the model’s generalization ability. A rich Roman Urdu dataset was collected from diverse sources, including social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), blogs, forums, and e-commerce sites, to capture a wide range of user opinions. Three deep learning... More >