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Effect of Assisted Sintering Temperature on the Structural, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of BaK$_{1-x}$Na$_x$Gd$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{15}$ Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Ceramics
Research Article  ·  Published: 19 August 2026
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Journal of Advanced Electronic Materials
Volume 2, Issue 3, 2026: 101-112
Research Article Open Access

Effect of Assisted Sintering Temperature on the Structural, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of BaK$_{1-x}$Na$_x$Gd$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{15}$ Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Ceramics

by
Syeda Mahnoor Fatima Syeda Mahnoor Fatima 1 * ORCID
Fayaz Hussain Fayaz Hussain 1 * ORCID
Shehreen Nadeem Shehreen Nadeem 1
Muhammad Fahad Riaz Muhammad Fahad Riaz 2 ORCID
Sajida Sheikh Sajida Sheikh 1
Yasemin Tabak Yasemin Tabak 3
Atilla Evcin Atilla Evcin 4
1 Department of Materials Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
2 Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
3 TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (UME), Gebze, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey
4 Materials Science and Engineering Department, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar 032004, Turkey
* Corresponding Authors: Syeda Mahnoor Fatima, [email protected]; Fayaz Hussain, [email protected]
Volume 2, Issue 3
Volume 2, Issue 3 2026
Received: 10 June 2026 Revised: 24 July 2026 Accepted: 25 July 2026 Published: 19 August 2026 CrossMark
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DOI: 10.62762/JAEM.2026.128242
ARK: ark:/57805/jaem.2026.128242
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Article Information

Published in Journal of Advanced Electronic Materials
Volume/Issue Volume 2, Issue 3, 2026
Pages 101-112

Abstract

A series of non-stoichiometric BaK$_{1-x}$Na$_x$Gd$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{15}$ ($x = 0.00$, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30) tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) ceramics were synthesized via solid-state reaction, cold sintering at 150$^\circ$C, and assisted sintering at 400$^\circ$C and 500$^\circ$C. XRD confirmed single-phase TTB formation. Enhanced crystallinity and sharper diffraction peaks with increasing assisted sintering temperature indicated improved grain growth and ordering. Density measurements revealed Na$^+$ substitution combined with salt-assisted processing significantly influenced densification, with BKGF-1NST$_2$ achieving the highest bulk density of 4.32g/cm$^3$. Dielectric characterization showed frequency-dependent behavior with decreasing loss at higher frequencies, while selected compositions exhibited stable dielectric response after 500$^\circ$C assisted sintering. Magnetic measurements confirmed ferrimagnetic behavior via Fe$^{3+}$-mediated interactions. BKGF-2NT$_2$ ($x = 0.20$, assisted sintered at 500$^\circ$C) delivered optimal magnetic performance: $M_s = 4.97$emug$^{-1}$, $M_r = 1.59$emug$^{-1}$, $H_c = 1435.84$Oe, attributed to optimized exchange interactions, improved crystallinity, and enhanced grain connectivity. Co-doping with cold-assisted sintering governs the structural, dielectric, and magnetic properties of TTB ceramics.

Graphical Abstract

Effect of Assisted Sintering Temperature on the Structural, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of BaK$_{1-x}$Na$_x$Gd$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{15}$ Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Ceramics

Keywords

tetragonal tungsten bronze cold-assisted sintering magnetic property dielectric particle size

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Funding

This work was supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan under Grant NRPU-17049.

Conflicts of Interest

Fayaz Hussain served as an Associate Editor of the Journal of Advanced Electronic Materials at the time of manuscript submission. To ensure the integrity of the peer-review process, Fayaz Hussain was not involved in the editorial handling, peer review, or decision-making process for this manuscript, which was handled independently by another editor. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

AI Use Statement

The authors declare that no generative AI was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

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Cite This Article

APA Style
Fatima, S. M., Hussain, F., Nadeem, S., Riaz, F., Sheikh, S., Tabak, Y., & Evcin, A. (2026). Effect of Assisted Sintering Temperature on the Structural, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of BaK1−xNaxGd3Fe5O15 Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Ceramics. Journal of Advanced Electronic Materials, 2(3), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.62762/JAEM.2026.128242
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TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fatima, Syeda Mahnoor
AU  - Hussain, Fayaz
AU  - Nadeem, Shehreen
AU  - Riaz, Muhammad Fahad
AU  - Sheikh, Sajida
AU  - Tabak, Yasemin
AU  - Evcin, Atilla
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/08/19
TI  - Effect of Assisted Sintering Temperature on the Structural, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of BaK$_{1-x}$Na$_x$Gd$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{15}$ Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Ceramics
JO  - Journal of Advanced Electronic Materials
T2  - Journal of Advanced Electronic Materials
JF  - Journal of Advanced Electronic Materials
VL  - 2
IS  - 3
SP  - 101
EP  - 112
DO  - 10.62762/JAEM.2026.128242
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JAEM.2026.128242
KW  - tetragonal tungsten bronze
KW  - cold-assisted sintering
KW  - magnetic property
KW  - dielectric
KW  - particle size
AB  - A series of non-stoichiometric BaK$_{1-x}$Na$_x$Gd$_3$Fe$_5$O$_{15}$ ($x = 0.00$, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30) tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) ceramics were synthesized via solid-state reaction, cold sintering at 150$^\circ$C, and assisted sintering at 400$^\circ$C and 500$^\circ$C. XRD confirmed single-phase TTB formation. Enhanced crystallinity and sharper diffraction peaks with increasing assisted sintering temperature indicated improved grain growth and ordering. Density measurements revealed Na$^+$ substitution combined with salt-assisted processing significantly influenced densification, with BKGF-1NST$_2$ achieving the highest bulk density of 4.32g/cm$^3$. Dielectric characterization showed frequency-dependent behavior with decreasing loss at higher frequencies, while selected compositions exhibited stable dielectric response after 500$^\circ$C assisted sintering. Magnetic measurements confirmed ferrimagnetic behavior via Fe$^{3+}$-mediated interactions. BKGF-2NT$_2$ ($x = 0.20$, assisted sintered at 500$^\circ$C) delivered optimal magnetic performance: $M_s = 4.97$emug$^{-1}$, $M_r = 1.59$emug$^{-1}$, $H_c = 1435.84$Oe, attributed to optimized exchange interactions, improved crystallinity, and enhanced grain connectivity. Co-doping with cold-assisted sintering governs the structural, dielectric, and magnetic properties of TTB ceramics.
SN  - 3070-5649
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  -
BibTeX Format
Compatible with LaTeX, BibTeX, and other reference managers
@article{Fatima2026Effect,
  author = {Syeda Mahnoor Fatima and Fayaz Hussain and Shehreen Nadeem and Muhammad Fahad Riaz and Sajida Sheikh and Yasemin Tabak and Atilla Evcin},
  title = {Effect of Assisted Sintering Temperature on the Structural, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties of BaK\$\_{1-x}\$Na\$\_x\$Gd\$\_3\$Fe\$\_5\$O\$\_{15}\$ Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Ceramics},
  journal = {Journal of Advanced Electronic Materials},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {101-112},
  doi = {10.62762/JAEM.2026.128242},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JAEM.2026.128242},
  abstract = {A series of non-stoichiometric BaK\$\_{1-x}\$Na\$\_x\$Gd\$\_3\$Fe\$\_5\$O\$\_{15}\$ (\$x = 0.00\$, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30) tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) ceramics were synthesized via solid-state reaction, cold sintering at 150\$^\circ\$C, and assisted sintering at 400\$^\circ\$C and 500\$^\circ\$C. XRD confirmed single-phase TTB formation. Enhanced crystallinity and sharper diffraction peaks with increasing assisted sintering temperature indicated improved grain growth and ordering. Density measurements revealed Na\$^+\$ substitution combined with salt-assisted processing significantly influenced densification, with BKGF-1NST\$\_2\$ achieving the highest bulk density of 4.32g/cm\$^3\$. Dielectric characterization showed frequency-dependent behavior with decreasing loss at higher frequencies, while selected compositions exhibited stable dielectric response after 500\$^\circ\$C assisted sintering. Magnetic measurements confirmed ferrimagnetic behavior via Fe\$^{3+}\$-mediated interactions. BKGF-2NT\$\_2\$ (\$x = 0.20\$, assisted sintered at 500\$^\circ\$C) delivered optimal magnetic performance: \$M\_s = 4.97\$emug\$^{-1}\$, \$M\_r = 1.59\$emug\$^{-1}\$, \$H\_c = 1435.84\$Oe, attributed to optimized exchange interactions, improved crystallinity, and enhanced grain connectivity. Co-doping with cold-assisted sintering governs the structural, dielectric, and magnetic properties of TTB ceramics.},
  keywords = {tetragonal tungsten bronze, cold-assisted sintering, magnetic property, dielectric, particle size},
  issn = {3070-5649},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}

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