Review Article
Open Access
Metaverse Journey Exploring Requirements, Architectural Frameworks, Standards, Challenges and Vision
1
Department of Cyber Security, Riphah Institute of System Engineering Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Computer Science, Fazaia Bilquis College of Education for Women, PAF, Nur Khan, Rawalpindi
3
Department of Computer Engineering, College of IT Convergence, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
* Corresponding Author:
Ahthasham Sajid,
[email protected]
Volume 1, Issue 2
2025
Received: 11 December 2024
Accepted: 24 April 2025
Published: 27 May 2025
Article Information
Published in
ICCK Transactions on Advanced Computing and Systems
Volume/Issue
Volume 1, Issue 2, 2025
Pages
97-105
Cited by
1 (Crossref)
Abstract
The Metaverse is an emerging paradigm that integrates immersive digital technologies to create a unified, persistent, and interconnected 3D virtual space with transformative potential across work, education, healthcare, and daily life. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the Metaverse, covering its historical evolution, core characteristics, architectural frameworks, key enabling technologies, standardization efforts, and open challenges. We propose a tripartite architecture comprising infrastructure, interactivity, and ecosystem layers, and provide a structured overview of relevant standards including IEEE 2888, IEEE P2048, IEEE P7016, and ISO/IEC 23005. Seven essential technological requirements are examined, spanning networking and communication, ubiquitous computing, digital twins, extended reality, artificial intelligence, big data management, and jurisdictional challenges. Critical research gaps are identified, including the absence of a consensus architectural standard, unresolved security and privacy concerns, and underdeveloped cross-border legal frameworks. This work provides researchers and practitioners with a structured foundation for understanding the current state of the Metaverse and its future development trajectory.
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
metaverse
artificial intelligence
virtual reality (VR)
big data
blockchain
augmented reality (AR)
5G/6G connectivity
mixed reality (MR)
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.
Funding
This work was supported without any funding.
Conflicts of Interest
Ahthasham Sajid and Khongorzul Dashdondov served as Associate Editors of the ICCK Transactions on Advanced Computing and Systems at the time of manuscript submission. To ensure the integrity of the peer-review process, neither Ahthasham Sajid nor Khongorzul Dashdondov was involved in the editorial handling, peer review, or decision-making process for this manuscript, which was handled independently by another editor. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
References
- Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Baabdullah, A. M., Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Giannakis, M., Al-Debei, M. M., ... & Wamba, S. F. (2022). Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International journal of information management, 66, 102542.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Yang, Q., Zhao, Y., Huang, H., Xiong, Z., Kang, J., & Zheng, Z. (2022). Fusing blockchain and AI with metaverse: A survey. IEEE open journal of the computer society, 3, 122-136.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Rawat, D. B., & El Alami, H. (2023). Metaverse: Requirements, architecture, standards, status, challenges, and perspectives. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 6(1), 14-18.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Fu, Y., Li, C., Yu, F. R., Luan, T. H., Zhao, P., & Liu, S. (2023). A survey of blockchain and intelligent networking for the Metaverse. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(4), 3587-3610.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - IEEE Standards Association. (2022). IEEE 2888 standards. Retrieved from https://sagroups.ieee.org/2888/
[Google Scholar] - IEEE Standards Association. (2022). IEEE 1589 standards. Retrieved from https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1589/6073/
[Google Scholar] - IEEE Standards Association. (2022). IEEE P2048 standards. Retrieved from https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/2048/11072/
[Google Scholar] - IEEE Standards Association. (2022). IEEE P7016 standards. Retrieved from https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/7016/11078/
[Google Scholar] - Chu, N. H., Hoang, D. T., Nguyen, D. N., Phan, K. T., Dutkiewicz, E., Niyato, D., & Shu, T. (2023). Metaslicing: A novel resource allocation framework for metaverse. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 23(5), 4145-4162.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Wang, H., Ning, H., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Dhelim, S., Farha, F., ... & Daneshmand, M. (2023). A survey on the metaverse: The state-of-the-art, technologies, applications, and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(16), 14671-14688.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Wu, Y., Zhang, K., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Digital twin networks: A survey. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(18), 13789-13804.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Park, S. M., & Kim, Y. G. (2022). A Metaverse: Taxonomy, components, applications, and open challenges. IEEE Access, 10, 4209–4251.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Chengoden, R., Victor, N., Huynh-The, T., Yenduri, G., Jhaveri, R. H., Alazab, M., ... & Gadekallu, T. R. (2023). Metaverse for healthcare: a survey on potential applications, challenges and future directions. IEEE Access, 11, 12765-12795.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Kalyvaki, M. (2023). Navigating the metaverse business and legal challenges: Intellectual property, privacy, and jurisdiction. Journal of Metaverse, 3(1), 87-92.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Huynh-The, T., Pham, Q. V., Pham, X. Q., Nguyen, T. T., Han, Z., & Kim, D. S. (2023). Artificial intelligence for the metaverse: A survey. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 117, 105581.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] - Truong, V. T., Le, L., & Niyato, D. (2023). Blockchain meets metaverse and digital asset management: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Access, 11, 26258-26288.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Cited By (1)
-
Jiazhou Sun, Peng Zhang. MSCA-Deeplabv3+: A fine-grained optical image segmentation model based on multi-scale channel attention.
Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2026 , 145 .
[CrossRef]
* Citation data provided by Crossref Cited-by.
Cite This Article
APA Style
Khalid, M., Sajid, A., Mehmood, A., & Dashdondov, K. (2025). Metaverse Journey Exploring Requirements, Architectural Frameworks, Standards, Challenges and Vision. ICCK Transactions on Advanced Computing and Systems, 1(2), 97-105. https://doi.org/10.62762/TACS.2024.309607
Export Citation
RIS Format
Compatible with EndNote, Zotero, Mendeley, and other reference managers
TY - JOUR AU - Khalid, Mahtab AU - Sajid, Ahthasham AU - Mehmood, Arshad AU - Dashdondov, Khongorzul PY - 2025 DA - 2025/05/27 TI - Metaverse Journey Exploring Requirements, Architectural Frameworks, Standards, Challenges and Vision JO - ICCK Transactions on Advanced Computing and Systems T2 - ICCK Transactions on Advanced Computing and Systems JF - ICCK Transactions on Advanced Computing and Systems VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 97 EP - 105 DO - 10.62762/TACS.2024.309607 UR - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TACS.2024.309607 KW - metaverse KW - artificial intelligence KW - virtual reality (VR) KW - big data KW - blockchain KW - augmented reality (AR) KW - 5G/6G connectivity KW - mixed reality (MR) AB - The Metaverse is an emerging paradigm that integrates immersive digital technologies to create a unified, persistent, and interconnected 3D virtual space with transformative potential across work, education, healthcare, and daily life. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the Metaverse, covering its historical evolution, core characteristics, architectural frameworks, key enabling technologies, standardization efforts, and open challenges. We propose a tripartite architecture comprising infrastructure, interactivity, and ecosystem layers, and provide a structured overview of relevant standards including IEEE 2888, IEEE P2048, IEEE P7016, and ISO/IEC 23005. Seven essential technological requirements are examined, spanning networking and communication, ubiquitous computing, digital twins, extended reality, artificial intelligence, big data management, and jurisdictional challenges. Critical research gaps are identified, including the absence of a consensus architectural standard, unresolved security and privacy concerns, and underdeveloped cross-border legal frameworks. This work provides researchers and practitioners with a structured foundation for understanding the current state of the Metaverse and its future development trajectory. SN - 3068-7969 PB - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge LA - English ER -
BibTeX Format
Compatible with LaTeX, BibTeX, and other reference managers
@article{Khalid2025Metaverse,
author = {Mahtab Khalid and Ahthasham Sajid and Arshad Mehmood and Khongorzul Dashdondov},
title = {Metaverse Journey Exploring Requirements, Architectural Frameworks, Standards, Challenges and Vision},
journal = {ICCK Transactions on Advanced Computing and Systems},
year = {2025},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {97-105},
doi = {10.62762/TACS.2024.309607},
url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TACS.2024.309607},
abstract = {The Metaverse is an emerging paradigm that integrates immersive digital technologies to create a unified, persistent, and interconnected 3D virtual space with transformative potential across work, education, healthcare, and daily life. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the Metaverse, covering its historical evolution, core characteristics, architectural frameworks, key enabling technologies, standardization efforts, and open challenges. We propose a tripartite architecture comprising infrastructure, interactivity, and ecosystem layers, and provide a structured overview of relevant standards including IEEE 2888, IEEE P2048, IEEE P7016, and ISO/IEC 23005. Seven essential technological requirements are examined, spanning networking and communication, ubiquitous computing, digital twins, extended reality, artificial intelligence, big data management, and jurisdictional challenges. Critical research gaps are identified, including the absence of a consensus architectural standard, unresolved security and privacy concerns, and underdeveloped cross-border legal frameworks. This work provides researchers and practitioners with a structured foundation for understanding the current state of the Metaverse and its future development trajectory.},
keywords = {metaverse, artificial intelligence, virtual reality (VR), big data, blockchain, augmented reality (AR), 5G/6G connectivity, mixed reality (MR)},
issn = {3068-7969},
publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}
Article Metrics
Publisher's Note
ICCK stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and Permissions
Copyright © 2025 by the Author(s). Published by Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
Preserved at
Portico
Portico
Scan to read this article