Accurate spatial estimation of rainfall is critical for hydrological modeling, water resource management, and agricultural planning---particularly in mountainous and semi-arid regions with sparse monitoring networks. This study presents an Enhanced Elevation-Weighted Local Regression (EWLR) model to generate a high-resolution (30~m) annual rainfall surface for Erbil Governorate, northern Iraq. The EWLR model integrates distance weighting, elevation similarity weighting, and orographic enhancement within a locally weighted regression framework. Average annual rainfall, derived from rainy seasons spanning 1997--1998 to 2024--2025 across 19 meteorological stations, along with a 30~m resolution... More >

This systematic review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, maps the applications of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) within thermal remote sensing (RS) from January 2018 to March 2026. Despite significant growth in this field driven by high-resolution satellite missions and open-source frameworks, no comprehensive PRISMA-compliant synthesis has previously focused exclusively on this domain during the post-2018 period. Through a structured search of Scopus and Google Scholar, we identified 193 peer-reviewed studies meeting inclusion criteria, of which 93 provided full-text access for in-depth methodological appraisal and 100 were analyzed at the metadata leve... More >

Agriculture plays a vital role in Nigeria’s food security and economy, yet crop productivity depends heavily on land suitability. This study assessed the suitability of land for arable crops in Ondo State using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques. Nineteen (19) parameters, including soil, hydrogeomorphological, climatic, land-use/land-cover, and socioeconomic factors, were integrated. Datasets were obtained from sources such as Sentinel-2 Dynamic World, SRTM DEM, MODIS temperature, CHRS rainfall, ISRIC soils, and OpenStreetMap. The criteria were normalised, reclassified, and weighted using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Weighted overlay... More >

This study assessed the impacts of sea encroachment in Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria, using multi-temporal optical satellite imagery and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). This study analyzed past and recent shoreline change trends, simulated elevation-based vulnerability to flooding, and predicted the potential effects of sea-level rise. Landsat images from 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2025 were analyzed to identify the shoreline, and shoreline changes were calculated using the End Point Rate (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR) in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Elevation-based vulnerability maps were m... More >

Climate change increasingly affects vegetation dynamics and ecosystem health worldwide. This study investigates historical and projected vegetation dynamics in Ethiopia using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation change and their relationship with climate variability. Seasonal NDVI climatology, anomalies, trends, and future projections were analyzed using AVHRR and MODIS satellite datasets combined with CMIP6 climate projections. Google Earth Engine (GEE) JavaScript workflows were employed to examine vegetation dynamics during the October--January (ONDJ), February--May (FMAM), and June--September (JJAS) seasons from 1991 to 20... More >