The ultra-large scale and prolonged runtime of Large Language Model (LLM) training—often involving thousands of GPUs and spanning weeks—render reliability a pivotal bottleneck. Hardware failures, stragglers, and runtime issues can waste over 30% of GPU resources, delaying model rollout and driving up costs. This survey focuses on reliability optimization for LLM training systems. The discussion centers on three pillars of reliability: fault detection, fault recovery, and straggler mitigation. For each pillar, we dissect innovative mechanisms, which range from communication-aware fault detection to adaptive load balancing, and we assess their impact on critical reliability metrics such as... More >

This paper describes the design and installation of a fire-fighting system in a high-rise building, the SAMA Residential Tower in Palestine. A sprinkler system, a standpipe system, a fire hose cabinet, a landing valve, externally accessible fire hydrants, and a Siamese connection are all included in this system. Additionally, it complies with NFPA 13, 14, and 20 codes, as well as those of the Palestinian and Jordanian governments. Hydraulic calculations were performed manually and confirmed using Elite Fire Protection software. The layouts were developed using AutoCAD, and 3D modeling was created in Revit to optimize the placement of components. All zones of the building will be protected by... More >

Gas leakage poses a significant hazard in chemical industry operations, where failure to respond rapidly to gas diffusion can lead to poisoning, fire, or explosion. Timely and accurate prediction of gas dispersion is therefore essential for emergency decision-making and operational safety. While existing methods such as computational fluid dynamics, spatiotemporal statistics, and surrogate models emphasize prediction accuracy, they often suffer from excessive computational delays—especially critical in leak scenarios where casualties can occur within minutes. To address this gap, this paper introduces a Gaussian process-Markov random field-Kriging (GP-MRF-K) model for fast and reliable pre... More >

In urban public transport networks, subway and bus systems complement each other and together form a coupled system that serves passenger travel. However, a disturbance in either subsystem can propagate through coupling nodes across the entire network, thereby reducing overall operational efficiency. Most existing studies focus only on the reliability of a single mode, and few have analyzed the overall reliability of the system while considering the coupling relationship between the two. To address this gap, this paper proposes a probabilistic evaluation model to assess the reliability of the subway and bus coupling system. System reliability is defined as the probability that the network ca... More >

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