This paper proposes a novel equivalent modeling framework for wind farms, specifically designed for the ``grid simulation with physical security and stability control device'' co-simulation environment. As the scope of stability control expands from the farm level to individual feeders and turbines, conventional equivalent models are inadequate for validating advanced strategies. To address this issue, a framework is proposed that integrates the architecture and operational principles of security and stability control systems. Within the scope of centralized renewable energy transmission grids, a technical route for equivalent modeling of wind farms that incorporates stability control action... More >

Artificial intelligence is moving from analytical support toward active participation in enterprise decisions, creating an organization-design problem: firms must decide which rights may be delegated to AI and how responsibility should follow the actors who can prevent, challenge, or remedy failure. Existing work explains automation, augmentation, delegation, human oversight, and responsible AI governance, but does not reveal how specific transfers of decision authority create responsibility gaps inside a focal enterprise decision. This conceptual paper develops a contingency governance framework through a transparent theory-synthesis procedure. A purposive corpus of 44 peer-reviewed studies... More >

Kyrgyzstan relies heavily on hydropower generation, which results in a pronounced seasonal mismatch between electricity supply and demand, posing significant challenges to power system reliability and supply security. During winter, reduced hydropower availability and increased electricity consumption often lead to power shortages and a growing dependence on electricity imports. To support more effective operational planning, this study proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for the coordinated optimization of electricity tariffs and import procurement under seasonal supply constraints. The proposed model incorporates tariff-responsive demand, domestic generation limits, el... More >

To address the practical challenge of severe supply-demand imbalances for emergency supplies in highly uncertain emergencies, this paper systematically explores the construction and design of emergency supplies mobilization chains based on the extraordinary supply theory. First, it analyzes the dissipative structural properties of the emergency supplies support system as a complex system, pointing out that its core objective is to achieve dynamic supply-demand balance throughout its lifetime through the transition between normal and extraordinary supply. Second, it clarifies the concept and connotation of the emergency supplies mobilization chain, revealing its chain structure composed of th... More >

The $k$-out-of-$n$ system is a fundamental redundancy model in reliability engineering, playing a critical role in safety-critical domains, such as power transmission, transportation network, communication networks and industrial production lines. This paper provides a systematic review of recent research advances in reliability modeling and maintenance strategy optimization for $k$-out-of-$n$ systems. We first introduce the standard $k$-out-of-$n$ model and its extensions, including multi-state, weighted, consecutive, and network configurations, along with their reliability evaluation methods. We then review maintenance models encompassing time-based, condition-based, and economically orien... More >

In recent years, while the rapid development of global electric vehicles (EVs) has been driving energy transition, their large-scale integration into power grids has posed significant challenges to the stability of power systems and the reliability of electricity supply. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology demonstrates potential in balancing grid peak-valley differences and facilitating renewable energy integration, thereby effectively mitigating issues caused by disorderly grid integration of massive EVs. This paper proposes a “Vehicle-to-Station-to-Grid” (VSG) aggregated system based on V2G technology. In this system, the multi-state stochastic power output and demand of EVs are considere... More >

As engineering systems grow in scale and complexity, the classical consecutive k-out-of-n model has evolved significantly to address the challenges of component dependence and dynamic maintenance. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of these advancements, categorized into model extensions and assessment methodologies. We synthesize key variants adapted for practical scenarios, including consecutive k-within-m-out-of-n systems, m-consecutive-k-out-of-n systems, (n, f, k) and ⟨n, f, k⟩ systems, sparse $d$ systems, and complex models accounting for component dependence and repair mechanisms. Regarding reliability assessment, this paper evaluates the transition from analytical methods... More >

To meet the efficiency and economy requirements of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) inspection for large watershed, long-distance and multi-measurement-point reservoirs, this paper focuses on the optimal allocation problem of heterogeneous UAV swarms for reservoir inspection with task decomposition. Firstly, the four decomposable dimensions of reservoir inspection tasks (spatial decomposition, time decomposition, measurement point decomposition, and data accuracy decomposition) are clarified, and the performance metrics and constraints of heterogeneous UAV swarms are defined. Secondly, inspection success models and inspection cost models are constructed to form a dual-objective optimization mod... More >