Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Thermal Evolution Characteristics of Paleogene to Neogene Source Rocks in Mangai Area, Qaidam Basin

Shiling Shi; Changan Shan; Ze Zhao; Yue Fei; Jiaqi Zhang

doi:10.62762/JGEE.2025.781750

Volume 2, Issue 1, Journal of Geo-Energy and Environment

Volume 2, Issue 1, 2026

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Journal of Geo-Energy and Environment, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2026: 56-72

Open Access | Research Article | 08 February 2026

Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Thermal Evolution Characteristics of Paleogene to Neogene Source Rocks in Mangai Area, Qaidam Basin

Shiling Shi 1,2

Changan Shan 1,2 *

Ze Zhao 3

Yue Fei 1,2

Jiaqi Zhang 1,2

1 School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China

2 Shaanxi Key Lab of Petroleum Accumulation Geology, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China

3 Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield Company, Dunhuang 736200, China

* Corresponding Author: Changan Shan, [email protected]

DOI: 10.62762/JGEE.2025.781750

ARK: ark:/57805/jgee.2025.781750

Received: 30 December 2025, Accepted: 20 January 2026, Published: 08 February 2026

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Abstract

The Paleogene-Neogene lacustrine source rocks in the Mangai area of the Qaidam Basin are significant exploration targets. A comprehensive evaluation of four major intervals (E$_3^2$, N$_1$, N$_2^1$, N$_2^2$) was conducted through systematic organic geochemistry, maceral identification, thermal maturity analysis, and burial-thermal history modeling. Results show TOC contents of 0.203~1.28% (avg. 0.74%), chloroform bitumen "A" of 0.0164~0.2495% (avg. 0.132%), and total hydrocarbon contents of 69.29~1637.48 $\mu$g/g (avg. 853.39 $\mu$g/g), indicating fair to good quality. Kerogen elemental analysis (H/C=0.97~1.21), maceral composition (sapropelinite+exinite=70~98%), and saturated hydrocarbon chromatography (dominant peaks at C17, C19, C21, C23) collectively indicate predominantly Type II$_1$ organic matter, with locally developed Type I. Thermal evolution exhibits distinct vertical zonation controlled by Neogene tectonic-thermal events: an immature-low maturity zone (R$_0$<0.7%) dominated by soluble organic matter degradation; a mature zone (R$_0$=0.7~1.0%) with active kerogen cracking (HC/TOC up to 224.95%); and a high maturity zone (R$_0$>1.0%) characterized by gas generation via cracking. The saline to semi-saline reducing environment favored organic matter preservation, while mixed algal-terrestrial inputs (Type II$_1$) determined mainly oil-prone characteristics. The thick succession in the central depression, especially the Kaitemilike-Fenghuangtai region, shows the highest hydrocarbon potential. The mature zone (R$_0$=0.7~1.0%) is optimal for conventional oil exploration, while the high maturity zone (R$_0$>1.0%) holds promise for natural gas. This multi-parameter study deepens the understanding of hydrocarbon generation mechanisms and provides an important case for evaluating Paleogene-Neogene lacustrine source rocks in the northern Tibetan Plateau.

Graphical Abstract

Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Thermal Evolution Characteristics of Paleogene to Neogene Source Rocks in Mangai Area, Qaidam Basin

Keywords

qaidam basin

mangai area

thermal evolution

paleogene to neogene

hydrocarbon source rocks

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Funding

This work was supported without any funding.

Conflicts of Interest

Ze Zhao is affiliated with the Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield Company, Dunhuang 736200, China. The authors declare that this affiliation had no influence on the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or the decision to publish, and that no other competing interests exist.

AI Use Statement

The authors declare that no generative AI was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

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Shi, S., Shan, C., Zhao, Z., Fei, Y., & Zhang, J. (2026). Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Thermal Evolution Characteristics of Paleogene to Neogene Source Rocks in Mangai Area, Qaidam Basin. Journal of Geo-Energy and Environment, 2(1), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.62762/JGEE.2025.781750

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TY  - JOUR
AU  - Shi, Shiling
AU  - Shan, Changan
AU  - Zhao, Ze
AU  - Fei, Yue
AU  - Zhang, Jiaqi
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/02/08
TI  - Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Thermal Evolution Characteristics of Paleogene to Neogene Source Rocks in Mangai Area, Qaidam Basin
JO  - Journal of Geo-Energy and Environment
T2  - Journal of Geo-Energy and Environment
JF  - Journal of Geo-Energy and Environment
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
SP  - 56
EP  - 72
DO  - 10.62762/JGEE.2025.781750
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JGEE.2025.781750
KW  - qaidam basin
KW  - mangai area
KW  - thermal evolution
KW  - paleogene to neogene
KW  - hydrocarbon source rocks
AB  - The Paleogene-Neogene lacustrine source rocks in the Mangai area of the Qaidam Basin are significant exploration targets. A comprehensive evaluation of four major intervals (E$_3^2$, N$_1$, N$_2^1$, N$_2^2$) was conducted through systematic organic geochemistry, maceral identification, thermal maturity analysis, and burial-thermal history modeling. Results show TOC contents of 0.203~1.28% (avg. 0.74%), chloroform bitumen "A" of 0.0164~0.2495% (avg. 0.132%), and total hydrocarbon contents of 69.29~1637.48 $\mu$g/g (avg. 853.39 $\mu$g/g), indicating fair to good quality. Kerogen elemental analysis (H/C=0.97~1.21), maceral composition (sapropelinite+exinite=70~98%), and saturated hydrocarbon chromatography (dominant peaks at C17, C19, C21, C23) collectively indicate predominantly Type II$_1$ organic matter, with locally developed Type I. Thermal evolution exhibits distinct vertical zonation controlled by Neogene tectonic-thermal events: an immature-low maturity zone (R$_0$1.0%) characterized by gas generation via cracking. The saline to semi-saline reducing environment favored organic matter preservation, while mixed algal-terrestrial inputs (Type II$_1$) determined mainly oil-prone characteristics. The thick succession in the central depression, especially the Kaitemilike-Fenghuangtai region, shows the highest hydrocarbon potential. The mature zone (R$_0$=0.7~1.0%) is optimal for conventional oil exploration, while the high maturity zone (R$_0$>1.0%) holds promise for natural gas. This multi-parameter study deepens the understanding of hydrocarbon generation mechanisms and provides an important case for evaluating Paleogene-Neogene lacustrine source rocks in the northern Tibetan Plateau.
SN  - 3069-3268
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  -

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@article{Shi2026Organic,
  author = {Shiling Shi and Changan Shan and Ze Zhao and Yue Fei and Jiaqi Zhang},
  title = {Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Thermal Evolution Characteristics of Paleogene to Neogene Source Rocks in Mangai Area, Qaidam Basin},
  journal = {Journal of Geo-Energy and Environment},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {56-72},
  doi = {10.62762/JGEE.2025.781750},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JGEE.2025.781750},
  abstract = {The Paleogene-Neogene lacustrine source rocks in the Mangai area of the Qaidam Basin are significant exploration targets. A comprehensive evaluation of four major intervals (E\$\_3^2\$, N\$\_1\$, N\$\_2^1\$, N\$\_2^2\$) was conducted through systematic organic geochemistry, maceral identification, thermal maturity analysis, and burial-thermal history modeling. Results show TOC contents of 0.203~1.28\% (avg. 0.74\%), chloroform bitumen "A" of 0.0164~0.2495\% (avg. 0.132\%), and total hydrocarbon contents of 69.29~1637.48 \$\mu\$g/g (avg. 853.39 \$\mu\$g/g), indicating fair to good quality. Kerogen elemental analysis (H/C=0.97~1.21), maceral composition (sapropelinite+exinite=70~98\%), and saturated hydrocarbon chromatography (dominant peaks at C17, C19, C21, C23) collectively indicate predominantly Type II\$\_1\$ organic matter, with locally developed Type I. Thermal evolution exhibits distinct vertical zonation controlled by Neogene tectonic-thermal events: an immature-low maturity zone (R\$\_0\$1.0\%) characterized by gas generation via cracking. The saline to semi-saline reducing environment favored organic matter preservation, while mixed algal-terrestrial inputs (Type II\$\_1\$) determined mainly oil-prone characteristics. The thick succession in the central depression, especially the Kaitemilike-Fenghuangtai region, shows the highest hydrocarbon potential. The mature zone (R\$\_0\$=0.7~1.0\%) is optimal for conventional oil exploration, while the high maturity zone (R\$\_0\$>1.0\%) holds promise for natural gas. This multi-parameter study deepens the understanding of hydrocarbon generation mechanisms and provides an important case for evaluating Paleogene-Neogene lacustrine source rocks in the northern Tibetan Plateau.},
  keywords = {qaidam basin, mangai area, thermal evolution, paleogene to neogene, hydrocarbon source rocks},
  issn = {3069-3268},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}

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