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Exploring the Spectrum Frontier: Comparative Analysis of RF, mmWave, and THz Communication for 6G and Beyond
Review Article | Published: 01 January 2026
ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence Volume 2, Issue 1, 2026: 1-20
Volume 2, Issue 1, ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence
Volume 2, Issue 1, 2026
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ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2026: 1-20

Free to Read | Review Article | 01 January 2026
Exploring the Spectrum Frontier: Comparative Analysis of RF, mmWave, and THz Communication for 6G and Beyond
by
Nazifa Mustari Nazifa Mustari 1 *
Muhammet Ali Karabult Muhammet Ali Karabult 2
A. F. M. Shahen Shah A. F. M. Shahen Shah 1
Haci Ilhan Haci Ilhan 1
Ufuk Tureli Ufuk Tureli 1
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, Turkey
2 Department of Electronics Engineering, Turkish Air Force Academy, National Defense University, Istanbul 34149, Turkey
* Corresponding Author: Nazifa Mustari, [email protected]
DOI: 10.62762/TMWI.2025.996592
ARK: ark:/57805/tmwi.2025.996592
Received: 09 February 2025, Accepted: 23 December 2025, Published: 01 January 2026  
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Abstract
Wireless communication technologies are becoming increasingly important in today's rapidly developing technological world. The widespread use of the Internet, the popularity of smartphones and other mobile devices, and the rise in industrial applications have all contributed to the start of a new wireless communication technology revolution. As a result, 6th generation (6G) wireless communication technology is intended to provide enhanced performance features such as faster speeds, larger bandwidths, lower latency, higher connection density, and improved reliability. mmWave-band communications are already having a vital impact on 5G. Similarly, communications in the TeraHertz (THz)-band will be crucial for the next 6G and beyond. THz, mmWave, and RF communication technologies constitute the fundamental pillars of 6G; therefore, a comparative analysis of these technologies is essential for the robust design and development of future 6G networks. In this paper, a study of THz, mmWave, and RF communication technologies is presented with their roles in developing the 6G network. Firstly, an overview of THz, mmWave and RF technologies is presented. Then, the conventional channel modeling is discussed. After that, artificial intelligence (AI) based channel modeling is presented. Furthermore, challenges and future research directions are highlighted based on the current state of the art.
Graphical Abstract
Exploring the Spectrum Frontier: Comparative Analysis of RF, mmWave, and THz Communication for 6G and Beyond
Keywords
AI
applications
challenges
channel modeling
mmWave
RF
THz
6G
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was supported without any funding.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
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APA Style
Mustari, N., Karabult, M. A., Shah, A. F. M. S., Ilhan, H., & Tureli, U. (2026). Exploring the Spectrum Frontier: Comparative Analysis of RF, mmWave, and THz Communication for 6G and Beyond. ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence, 2(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.62762/TMWI.2025.996592
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TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mustari, Nazifa
AU  - Karabult, Muhammet Ali
AU  - Shah, A. F. M. Shahen
AU  - Ilhan, Haci
AU  - Tureli, Ufuk
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/01/01
TI  - Exploring the Spectrum Frontier: Comparative Analysis of RF, mmWave, and THz Communication for 6G and Beyond
JO  - ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence
T2  - ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence
JF  - ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
SP  - 1
EP  - 20
DO  - 10.62762/TMWI.2025.996592
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TMWI.2025.996592
KW  - AI
KW  - applications
KW  - challenges
KW  - channel modeling
KW  - mmWave
KW  - RF
KW  - THz
KW  - 6G
AB  - Wireless communication technologies are becoming increasingly important in today's rapidly developing technological world. The widespread use of the Internet, the popularity of smartphones and other mobile devices, and the rise in industrial applications have all contributed to the start of a new wireless communication technology revolution. As a result, 6th generation (6G) wireless communication technology is intended to provide enhanced performance features such as faster speeds, larger bandwidths, lower latency, higher connection density, and improved reliability. mmWave-band communications are already having a vital impact on 5G. Similarly, communications in the TeraHertz (THz)-band will be crucial for the next 6G and beyond. THz, mmWave, and RF communication technologies constitute the fundamental pillars of 6G; therefore, a comparative analysis of these technologies is essential for the robust design and development of future 6G networks. In this paper, a study of THz, mmWave, and RF communication technologies is presented with their roles in developing the 6G network. Firstly, an overview of THz, mmWave and RF technologies is presented. Then, the conventional channel modeling is discussed. After that, artificial intelligence (AI) based channel modeling is presented. Furthermore, challenges and future research directions are highlighted based on the current state of the art.
SN  - 3069-0692
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  -
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@article{Mustari2026Exploring,
  author = {Nazifa Mustari and Muhammet Ali Karabult and A. F. M. Shahen Shah and Haci Ilhan and Ufuk Tureli},
  title = {Exploring the Spectrum Frontier: Comparative Analysis of RF, mmWave, and THz Communication for 6G and Beyond},
  journal = {ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-20},
  doi = {10.62762/TMWI.2025.996592},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TMWI.2025.996592},
  abstract = {Wireless communication technologies are becoming increasingly important in today's rapidly developing technological world. The widespread use of the Internet, the popularity of smartphones and other mobile devices, and the rise in industrial applications have all contributed to the start of a new wireless communication technology revolution. As a result, 6th generation (6G) wireless communication technology is intended to provide enhanced performance features such as faster speeds, larger bandwidths, lower latency, higher connection density, and improved reliability. mmWave-band communications are already having a vital impact on 5G. Similarly, communications in the TeraHertz (THz)-band will be crucial for the next 6G and beyond. THz, mmWave, and RF communication technologies constitute the fundamental pillars of 6G; therefore, a comparative analysis of these technologies is essential for the robust design and development of future 6G networks. In this paper, a study of THz, mmWave, and RF communication technologies is presented with their roles in developing the 6G network. Firstly, an overview of THz, mmWave and RF technologies is presented. Then, the conventional channel modeling is discussed. After that, artificial intelligence (AI) based channel modeling is presented. Furthermore, challenges and future research directions are highlighted based on the current state of the art.},
  keywords = {AI, applications, challenges, channel modeling, mmWave, RF, THz, 6G},
  issn = {3069-0692},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}
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