Volume 2, Issue 1, ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence
Volume 2, Issue 1, 2026
Submit Manuscript Edit a Special Issue
Article QR Code
Article QR Code
Scan the QR code for reading
Popular articles
ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2026: 21-30

Free to Read | Research Article | 14 February 2026
An Intelligent Smart Parking Framework Using Machine Learning–Based Automatic License Plate Recognition for Enhanced Security
1 Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
2 Police Staff College, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
* Corresponding Author: A.K.M. Fazlul Haque, [email protected]
ARK: ark:/57805/tmwi.2026.886184
Received: 03 January 2026, Accepted: 03 February 2026, Published: 14 February 2026  
Abstract
Urban parking inefficiency has become a critical challenge in modern cities, leading to increased traffic congestion, higher fuel consumption, and greater environmental impact. This paper proposes an intelligent smart parking management system that integrates hardware sensing, machine learning, and computer vision to enable real-time parking monitoring and automated vehicle identification. The system combines infrared sensors, camera modules, and microcontroller-based control with vision-based parking space detection and automatic license plate recognition (ALPR). Experimental results demonstrate that the parking space detection module achieves an accuracy of 93.97%, while the license plate recognition module attains 84.93% accuracy. Extensive testing under real-world conditions confirms the system's reliability and practicality. The proposed approach enhances parking space utilization, reduces parking search time, and offers a scalable, cost-effective foundation for future smart city parking infrastructure.

Graphical Abstract
An Intelligent Smart Parking Framework Using Machine Learning–Based Automatic License Plate Recognition for Enhanced Security

Keywords
smart parking
ALPR
machine learning
image processing
IoT automation

Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.

Funding
This work was supported without any funding.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

AI Use Statement
The authors declare that no generative AI was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.

References
  1. Amira, A. E., & Shams, M. (2020). The smart parking management system. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology, 12(4).
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Alam, M. R., Saha, S., Bostami, M. B., Islam, M. S., Aadeeb, M. S., & Islam, A. M. (2023). A survey on iot driven smart parking management system: Approaches, limitations and future research agenda. IEEE Access, 11, 119523-119543.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  3. Channamallu, S. S., Kermanshachi, S., Rosenberger, J. M., & Pamidimukkala, A. (2023). A review of smart parking systems. Transportation Research Procedia, 73, 289-296.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  4. Wong, G. S., Goh, K. O. M., Tee, C., & Md. Sabri, A. Q. (2023). Review of vision-based deep learning parking slot detection on surround view images. Sensors, 23(15), 6869.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  5. Wang, H., & He, W. (2011, April). A reservation-based smart parking system. In 2011 IEEE conference on computer communications workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) (pp. 690-695). IEEE.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  6. Wei, L., Wu, Q., Yang, M., Ding, W., Li, B., & Gao, R. (2012, December). Design and implementation of smart parking management system based on rfid and internet. In 2012 International conference on control engineering and communication technology (pp. 17-20). IEEE.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  7. Elfaki, A. O., Messoudi, W., Bushnag, A., Abuzneid, S., & Alhmiedat, T. (2023). A smart real-time parking control and monitoring system. Sensors, 23(24), 9741.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  8. Mahmud, S. A., Khan, G. M., Rahman, M., & Zafar, H. (2013). A survey of intelligent car parking system. Journal of applied research and technology, 11(5), 714-726.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  9. Jemmali, M., Melhim, L. K. B., Alharbi, M. T., Bajahzar, A., & Omri, M. N. (2022). Smart-parking management algorithms in smart city. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6533.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  10. Singh, T., Rathore, R., Gupta, K., Vijay, E., & Harikrishnan, R. (2023, August). Artificial intelligence-enabled smart parking system. In International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (pp. 419-436). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  11. Rizvi, S. F. H., Shams, R., Fattani, M. T., & Siddique, A. A. (2022, February). A cloud based smart parking system. In 2022 Global Conference on Wireless and Optical Technologies (GCWOT) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  12. Raman, R., Sujatha, V., Thacker, C. B., Bikram, K., Sahaai, M. B., & Murugan, S. (2023, November). Intelligent Parking Management Systems using IoT and Machine Learning Techniques for Real-Time Space Availability Estimation. In 2023 International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application (ICSCNA) (pp. 286-291). IEEE.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  13. Safi, Q. G. K., Luo, S., Pan, L., Liu, W., Hussain, R., & Bouk, S. H. (2018). SVPS: Cloud-based smart vehicle parking system over ubiquitous VANETs. Computer Networks, 138, 18-30.
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]
  14. Fahim, A., Hasan, M., & Chowdhury, M. A. (2021). Smart parking systems: comprehensive review based on various aspects. Heliyon, 7(5).
    [CrossRef]   [Google Scholar]

Cite This Article
APA Style
Haque, A. K. M. F., Akter, N., Heya, S. M., Khan, M. F. A., & Akter, T. (2026). An Intelligent Smart Parking Framework Using Machine Learning–Based Automatic License Plate Recognition for Enhanced Security. ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence, 2(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.62762/TMWI.2026.886184
Export Citation
RIS Format
Compatible with EndNote, Zotero, Mendeley, and other reference managers
RIS format data for reference managers
TY  - JOUR
AU  - Haque, A.K.M. Fazlul
AU  - Akter, Nila
AU  - Heya, Shaznina Mahrin
AU  - Khan, Mohammad Fahim Asif
AU  - Akter, Taslima
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/02/14
TI  - An Intelligent Smart Parking Framework Using Machine Learning–Based Automatic License Plate Recognition for Enhanced Security
JO  - ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence
T2  - ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence
JF  - ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
SP  - 21
EP  - 30
DO  - 10.62762/TMWI.2026.886184
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TMWI.2026.886184
KW  - smart parking
KW  - ALPR
KW  - machine learning
KW  - image processing
KW  - IoT automation
AB  - Urban parking inefficiency has become a critical challenge in modern cities, leading to increased traffic congestion, higher fuel consumption, and greater environmental impact. This paper proposes an intelligent smart parking management system that integrates hardware sensing, machine learning, and computer vision to enable real-time parking monitoring and automated vehicle identification. The system combines infrared sensors, camera modules, and microcontroller-based control with vision-based parking space detection and automatic license plate recognition (ALPR). Experimental results demonstrate that the parking space detection module achieves an accuracy of 93.97%, while the license plate recognition module attains 84.93% accuracy. Extensive testing under real-world conditions confirms the system's reliability and practicality. The proposed approach enhances parking space utilization, reduces parking search time, and offers a scalable, cost-effective foundation for future smart city parking infrastructure.
SN  - 3069-0692
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  - 
BibTeX Format
Compatible with LaTeX, BibTeX, and other reference managers
BibTeX format data for LaTeX and reference managers
@article{Haque2026An,
  author = {A.K.M. Fazlul Haque and Nila Akter and Shaznina Mahrin Heya and Mohammad Fahim Asif Khan and Taslima Akter},
  title = {An Intelligent Smart Parking Framework Using Machine Learning–Based Automatic License Plate Recognition for Enhanced Security},
  journal = {ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {21-30},
  doi = {10.62762/TMWI.2026.886184},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TMWI.2026.886184},
  abstract = {Urban parking inefficiency has become a critical challenge in modern cities, leading to increased traffic congestion, higher fuel consumption, and greater environmental impact. This paper proposes an intelligent smart parking management system that integrates hardware sensing, machine learning, and computer vision to enable real-time parking monitoring and automated vehicle identification. The system combines infrared sensors, camera modules, and microcontroller-based control with vision-based parking space detection and automatic license plate recognition (ALPR). Experimental results demonstrate that the parking space detection module achieves an accuracy of 93.97\%, while the license plate recognition module attains 84.93\% accuracy. Extensive testing under real-world conditions confirms the system's reliability and practicality. The proposed approach enhances parking space utilization, reduces parking search time, and offers a scalable, cost-effective foundation for future smart city parking infrastructure.},
  keywords = {smart parking, ALPR, machine learning, image processing, IoT automation},
  issn = {3069-0692},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}

Article Metrics
Citations:

Crossref

0

Scopus

0

Web of Science

0
Article Access Statistics:
Views: 33
PDF Downloads: 7

Publisher's Note
ICCK stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and Permissions
Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge (ICCK) or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence

ICCK Transactions on Mobile and Wireless Intelligence

ISSN: 3069-0692 (Online)

Email: [email protected]

Portico

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:
https://www.portico.org/publishers/icck/