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Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications
Review Article | Published: 28 July 2025
ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control Volume 2, Issue 3, 2025: 168-199
Volume 2, Issue 3, ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control
Volume 2, Issue 3, 2025
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University of warwick, United Kingdom
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ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control, Volume 2, Issue 3, 2025: 168-199

Review Article | 28 July 2025
Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications
by
Maryam Bibi Maryam Bibi 1
Gul Hassan Gul Hassan 1 *
Arfa Asif Arfa Asif 1
Ahmed Shuja Ahmed Shuja 1
Habib Ahmad Habib Ahmad 3
Bilal Mushtaq Bilal Mushtaq 4 *
Memon Sajid Memon Sajid 4
1 Centre for Advanced Electronics & and Photovoltaic Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Beaconhouse International College, Islamabad, Pakistan
3 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
4 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, K.P.K, Pakistan
* Corresponding Authors: Gul Hassan, [email protected] ; Bilal Mushtaq, [email protected]
DOI: 10.62762/TSCC.2025.665257
Received: 19 May 2025, Accepted: 18 June 2025, Published: 28 July 2025  
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Abstract
Strain sensors have become fundamental to contemporary sensing technology driven by the growing demand for flexible, sensitive, and durable sensors, transforming across a broad range of applications including medical care, robotics, structural monitoring, human-machine interface and robotics. The swift progress in the fields of materials and nanotechnology has facilitated the fabrication of very flexible, resilient, and ultra-sensitive strain sensors, enabling the emergence of next-generation electronic devices. This mini review covers sensors, strain sensors' fundamentals, classifications, innovative materials utilized, applications overall provide an in-depth analysis of the latest developments in strain sensor. Emerging materials that have together pushed the limits of sensor performance in terms of gauge factors, stretchability, reaction time, and durability are highlighted, including self-healing polymers, hybrid nanomaterials, graphene derivatives, carbon nanotube composites, and hydrogels. Even with impressive advancements, issues like biocompatibility, durability and many more factors continue to be major roadblocks to practical integration. Additionally, innovative solutions that enhance mechanical conformance and long-term stability are addressed in conjunction with challenges associated with packaging, integration, and other factors. This article offers a thorough roadmap for future research and real-world application of strain sensors in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and healthcare monitoring systems by combining recent literature and emphasizing important insights into the engineering of materials and functional performance. Finally, the analysis highlights emerging trends and possible prospects for next-generation strain sensing technologies that combine multi-functionality, self-healing, and scalable fabrication to fulfill real-world application demands.
Graphical Abstract
Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications
Keywords
strain sensors
hydrogels
flexible wearable technology
biomedical applications
nano materials
polymers
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Research Program for Universities- NRPU (20-15054/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2021 2021) funded by the Higher Education Commission, Pakistan.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
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Cite This Article
APA Style
Bibi, M., Hassan, G., Asif, A., Shuja, A., Ahmed, H., Mushtaq, B., & Sajid, M. (2025). Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications. ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control, 2(3), 168–199. https://doi.org/10.62762/TSCC.2025.665257
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