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Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications
Review Article  ·  Published: 28 July 2025
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ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control
Volume 2, Issue 3, 2025: 168-199
Review Article Free to Read

Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications

by
Maryam Bibi Maryam Bibi 1 ORCID
Gul Hassan Gul Hassan 1 * ORCID
Arfa Asif Arfa Asif 1 ORCID
Ahmed Shuja Ahmed Shuja 1 ORCID
Habib Ahmad Habib Ahmad 3 ORCID
Bilal Mushtaq Bilal Mushtaq 2 * ORCID
Memon Sajid Memon Sajid 4 ORCID
1 Centre for Advanced Electronics and Photovoltaic Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Beaconhouse International College, Islamabad, Pakistan
3 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
4 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, K.P.K, Pakistan
* Corresponding Authors: Gul Hassan, [email protected]; Bilal Mushtaq, [email protected]
Volume 2, Issue 3
Volume 2, Issue 3 2025
Received: 19 May 2025 Revised: 16 June 2025 Accepted: 18 June 2025 Published: 28 July 2025 CrossMark
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DOI: 10.62762/TSCC.2025.665257
ARK: ark:/57805/tscc.2025.665257
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Article Information

Published in ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control
Volume/Issue Volume 2, Issue 3, 2025
Pages 168-199
Cited by 5 (Crossref) 4 (Scopus)

Abstract

Strain sensors have become fundamental to contemporary sensing technology, driven by the growing demand for flexible, sensitive, and durable transducers across medical care, robotics, structural monitoring, and human-machine interfaces. Rapid advances in strain sensing performance---in terms of gauge factor, detection limit, working range, and operational stability---have enabled next-generation wearable and implantable sensing systems. This mini review examines sensing mechanism classifications, key performance parameters, sensor architectures, and application domains, with a unified focus on how sensing capability can be maximised for real-world deployment. Particular emphasis is placed on gauge factor enhancement, wide-range stretchability, ultrafast response time, and long-term sensing stability. The contributions of emerging material systems---including self-healing polymers, hybrid nanomaterials, graphene derivatives, carbon nanotube composites, and conductive hydrogels---are evaluated specifically in terms of these sensing performance metrics. Persistent challenges including biocompatibility, signal drift, packaging integration, and long-term operational stability are critically discussed alongside promising solutions. Finally, emerging directions toward multifunctional, self-healing, and scalable strain sensing platforms are outlined to guide future research and real-world deployment.

Graphical Abstract

Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications

Keywords

strain sensors hydrogels flexible wearable technology biomedical applications nano materials polymers

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Program for Universities (NRPU) funded by the Higher Education Commission, Pakistan, under Grant 20-15054/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2021.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

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APA Style
Bibi, M., Hassan, G., Asif, A., Shuja, A., Ahmed, H., Mushtaq, B., & Sajid, M. (2025). Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications. ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control, 2(3), 168-199. https://doi.org/10.62762/TSCC.2025.665257
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TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bibi, Maryam
AU  - Hassan, Gul
AU  - Asif, Arfa
AU  - Shuja, Ahmed
AU  - Ahmad, Habib
AU  - Mushtaq, Bilal
AU  - Sajid, Memon
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/07/28
TI  - Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications
JO  - ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control
T2  - ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control
JF  - ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control
VL  - 2
IS  - 3
SP  - 168
EP  - 199
DO  - 10.62762/TSCC.2025.665257
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TSCC.2025.665257
KW  - strain sensors
KW  - hydrogels
KW  - flexible wearable technology
KW  - biomedical applications
KW  - nano materials
KW  - polymers
AB  - Strain sensors have become fundamental to contemporary sensing technology, driven by the growing demand for flexible, sensitive, and durable transducers across medical care, robotics, structural monitoring, and human-machine interfaces. Rapid advances in strain sensing performance---in terms of gauge factor, detection limit, working range, and operational stability---have enabled next-generation wearable and implantable sensing systems. This mini review examines sensing mechanism classifications, key performance parameters, sensor architectures, and application domains, with a unified focus on how sensing capability can be maximised for real-world deployment. Particular emphasis is placed on gauge factor enhancement, wide-range stretchability, ultrafast response time, and long-term sensing stability. The contributions of emerging material systems---including self-healing polymers, hybrid nanomaterials, graphene derivatives, carbon nanotube composites, and conductive hydrogels---are evaluated specifically in terms of these sensing performance metrics. Persistent challenges including biocompatibility, signal drift, packaging integration, and long-term operational stability are critically discussed alongside promising solutions. Finally, emerging directions toward multifunctional, self-healing, and scalable strain sensing platforms are outlined to guide future research and real-world deployment.
SN  - 3068-9287
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  -
BibTeX Format
Compatible with LaTeX, BibTeX, and other reference managers
@article{Bibi2025Strain,
  author = {Maryam Bibi and Gul Hassan and Arfa Asif and Ahmed Shuja and Habib Ahmad and Bilal Mushtaq and Memon Sajid},
  title = {Strain Sensing Technologies: Recent Developments in Materials, Performance, and Applications},
  journal = {ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control},
  year = {2025},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {168-199},
  doi = {10.62762/TSCC.2025.665257},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TSCC.2025.665257},
  abstract = {Strain sensors have become fundamental to contemporary sensing technology, driven by the growing demand for flexible, sensitive, and durable transducers across medical care, robotics, structural monitoring, and human-machine interfaces. Rapid advances in strain sensing performance---in terms of gauge factor, detection limit, working range, and operational stability---have enabled next-generation wearable and implantable sensing systems. This mini review examines sensing mechanism classifications, key performance parameters, sensor architectures, and application domains, with a unified focus on how sensing capability can be maximised for real-world deployment. Particular emphasis is placed on gauge factor enhancement, wide-range stretchability, ultrafast response time, and long-term sensing stability. The contributions of emerging material systems---including self-healing polymers, hybrid nanomaterials, graphene derivatives, carbon nanotube composites, and conductive hydrogels---are evaluated specifically in terms of these sensing performance metrics. Persistent challenges including biocompatibility, signal drift, packaging integration, and long-term operational stability are critically discussed alongside promising solutions. Finally, emerging directions toward multifunctional, self-healing, and scalable strain sensing platforms are outlined to guide future research and real-world deployment.},
  keywords = {strain sensors, hydrogels, flexible wearable technology, biomedical applications, nano materials, polymers},
  issn = {3068-9287},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}

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ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control
ICCK Transactions on Sensing, Communication, and Control
ISSN: 3068-9287 (Online) | ISSN: 3068-9279 (Print)
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