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Aerospace Engineering Communications, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2026: 36-46

Open Access | Research Article | 29 January 2026
Self-Learning Control under Practical Actuation
1 School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
* Corresponding Author: Chengxi Zhang, [email protected]
ARK: ark:/57805/aec.2025.320719
Received: 21 November 2025, Accepted: 12 January 2026, Published: 29 January 2026  
Abstract
This paper develops a general and implementation friendly stability framework for self-learning control (SLC) laws of the form $u(t)=k_1(t)u(t-\tau)+k_2 v(t)$. Uniform ultimate boundedness is established for a class of general linear plants under two engineering actuator assumptions: (i) smoothness and (ii) saturation with maximum value. These assumptions are reasonable for practical systems and yield an explicit bound, which converts the delay learning mechanism into a nominal (delay-free) controller plus a bounded perturbation injection. The most notable feature of SLC is its simplicity of structure coupled with excellent performance. It is compatible with traditional algorithms and can enhance even PD-type controllers. A complete design procedure and a spacecraft attitude tracking simulation example are provided to demonstrate compatibility with aerospace applications while presenting a broadly applicable theoretical result.

Graphical Abstract
Self-Learning Control under Practical Actuation

Keywords
self-learning control
uniform ultimate boundedness
smooth saturated actuator
spacecraft attitude control

Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.

Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62573211.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.

AI Use Statement
The author declares that no generative AI was used in the preparation of this manuscript.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.

References
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Cite This Article
APA Style
Zhang, C. (2026). Self-Learning Control under Practical Actuation. Aerospace Engineering Communications, 1(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.62762/AEC.2025.320719
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TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zhang, Chengxi
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/01/29
TI  - Self-Learning Control under Practical Actuation
JO  - Aerospace Engineering Communications
T2  - Aerospace Engineering Communications
JF  - Aerospace Engineering Communications
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
SP  - 36
EP  - 46
DO  - 10.62762/AEC.2025.320719
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/AEC.2025.320719
KW  - self-learning control
KW  - uniform ultimate boundedness
KW  - smooth saturated actuator
KW  - spacecraft attitude control
AB  - This paper develops a general and implementation friendly stability framework for self-learning control (SLC) laws of the form $u(t)=k_1(t)u(t-\tau)+k_2 v(t)$. Uniform ultimate boundedness is established for a class of general linear plants under two engineering actuator assumptions: (i) smoothness and (ii) saturation with maximum value. These assumptions are reasonable for practical systems and yield an explicit bound, which converts the delay learning mechanism into a nominal (delay-free) controller plus a bounded perturbation injection. The most notable feature of SLC is its simplicity of structure coupled with excellent performance. It is compatible with traditional algorithms and can enhance even PD-type controllers. A complete design procedure and a spacecraft attitude tracking simulation example are provided to demonstrate compatibility with aerospace applications while presenting a broadly applicable theoretical result.
SN  - pending
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  - 
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@article{Zhang2026SelfLearni,
  author = {Chengxi Zhang},
  title = {Self-Learning Control under Practical Actuation},
  journal = {Aerospace Engineering Communications},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {36-46},
  doi = {10.62762/AEC.2025.320719},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/AEC.2025.320719},
  abstract = {This paper develops a general and implementation friendly stability framework for self-learning control (SLC) laws of the form \$u(t)=k\_1(t)u(t-\tau)+k\_2 v(t)\$. Uniform ultimate boundedness is established for a class of general linear plants under two engineering actuator assumptions: (i) smoothness and (ii) saturation with maximum value. These assumptions are reasonable for practical systems and yield an explicit bound, which converts the delay learning mechanism into a nominal (delay-free) controller plus a bounded perturbation injection. The most notable feature of SLC is its simplicity of structure coupled with excellent performance. It is compatible with traditional algorithms and can enhance even PD-type controllers. A complete design procedure and a spacecraft attitude tracking simulation example are provided to demonstrate compatibility with aerospace applications while presenting a broadly applicable theoretical result.},
  keywords = {self-learning control, uniform ultimate boundedness, smooth saturated actuator, spacecraft attitude control},
  issn = {pending},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}

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CC BY Copyright © 2026 by the Author(s). Published by Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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