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Muscle-Inspired Anisotropic Hydrogels via Pre-Stretching for Direction-Sensitive Human Motion Monitoring
Research Article | Published: 22 December 2025
Journal of Advanced Materials Research Volume 1, Issue 1, 2025: 18-36
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Volume 1, Issue 1, 2025
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Journal of Advanced Materials Research, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2025: 18-36

Open Access | Research Article | 22 December 2025
Muscle-Inspired Anisotropic Hydrogels via Pre-Stretching for Direction-Sensitive Human Motion Monitoring
by
Lixin Zhang Lixin Zhang 1
Zixuan Yang Zixuan Yang 1
Weihua Luo Weihua Luo 1
Ruiqi Zhao Ruiqi Zhao 1
Xushuai Chen Xushuai Chen 1
Hongming Lu Hongming Lu 1
Xi Chen Xi Chen 1 *
Luke Yan Luke Yan 1 *
1 Polymer Materials & Engineering Department, School of Materials Science \& Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
* Corresponding Authors: Xi Chen, [email protected] ; Luke Yan, [email protected]
DOI: 10.62762/JAMR.2025.941906
ARK: ark:/57805/jamr.2025.941906
Received: 12 November 2025, Accepted: 17 December 2025, Published: 22 December 2025  
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Abstract
Traditional hydrogels often exhibit disordered molecular structures, resulting in limited mechanical strength, toughness, and functionality, which restrict their practical applications. Here, we engineer an anisotropic $\mathrm{Zr^{4+}}$-crosslinked P(DMA-AA)-CMC hydrogel via pre-stretching to mimic muscle-like alignment. This strategy enhances mechanical strength (5.6 MPa along orientation axis, $1.8\times$ higher than perpendicular) and directional sensitivity through $\mathrm{Zr^{4+}}$-stabilized microstructural ordering. The sensor achieves 303\% $\Delta R/R_0$ at 100\% strain with $2.2\times$ higher sensitivity parallel to pre-stretch direction, enabling precise movement/orientation tracking. It maintains stability over 200 cycles and accurately monitors joint kinematics (e.g., elbow/knee flexion). This biomimetic design advances wearable sensors for human-machine interfaces.
Graphical Abstract
Muscle-Inspired Anisotropic Hydrogels via Pre-Stretching for Direction-Sensitive Human Motion Monitoring
Keywords
anisotropic hydrogel
directional sensing
wearable sensors
human-machine interfaces
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.
Funding
This work was supported in part by the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi under Grant 2023-CX-TD-43; in part by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi under Grant2024GX-YBXM-412; in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD under Grant 300102313208, Grant 300102314105, and Grant 300102314401.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
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Cite This Article
APA Style
Zhang, L., Yang, Z., Luo, W., Zhao, R., Chen, X., Lu, H., Chen, X., & Yan, L. (2025). Muscle-Inspired Anisotropic Hydrogels via Pre-Stretching for Direction-Sensitive Human Motion Monitoring. Journal of Advanced Materials Research, 1(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.62762/JAMR.2025.941906
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TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zhang, Lixin
AU  - Yang, Zixuan
AU  - Luo, Weihua
AU  - Zhao, Ruiqi
AU  - Chen, Xushuai
AU  - Lu, Hongming
AU  - Chen, Xi
AU  - Yan, Luke
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/12/22
TI  - Muscle-Inspired Anisotropic Hydrogels via Pre-Stretching for Direction-Sensitive Human Motion Monitoring
JO  - Journal of Advanced Materials Research
T2  - Journal of Advanced Materials Research
JF  - Journal of Advanced Materials Research
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
SP  - 18
EP  - 36
DO  - 10.62762/JAMR.2025.941906
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JAMR.2025.941906
KW  - anisotropic hydrogel
KW  - directional sensing
KW  - wearable sensors
KW  - human-machine interfaces
AB  - Traditional hydrogels often exhibit disordered molecular structures, resulting in limited mechanical strength, toughness, and functionality, which restrict their practical applications. Here, we engineer an anisotropic $\mathrm{Zr^{4+}}$-crosslinked P(DMA-AA)-CMC hydrogel via pre-stretching to mimic muscle-like alignment. This strategy enhances mechanical strength (5.6 MPa along orientation axis, $1.8\times$ higher than perpendicular) and directional sensitivity through $\mathrm{Zr^{4+}}$-stabilized microstructural ordering. The sensor achieves 303\% $\Delta R/R_0$ at 100\% strain with $2.2\times$ higher sensitivity parallel to pre-stretch direction, enabling precise movement/orientation tracking. It maintains stability over 200 cycles and accurately monitors joint kinematics (e.g., elbow/knee flexion). This biomimetic design advances wearable sensors for human-machine interfaces.
SN  - 3070-5851
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  -
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@article{Zhang2025MuscleInsp,
  author = {Lixin Zhang and Zixuan Yang and Weihua Luo and Ruiqi Zhao and Xushuai Chen and Hongming Lu and Xi Chen and Luke Yan},
  title = {Muscle-Inspired Anisotropic Hydrogels via Pre-Stretching for Direction-Sensitive Human Motion Monitoring},
  journal = {Journal of Advanced Materials Research},
  year = {2025},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {18-36},
  doi = {10.62762/JAMR.2025.941906},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JAMR.2025.941906},
  abstract = {Traditional hydrogels often exhibit disordered molecular structures, resulting in limited mechanical strength, toughness, and functionality, which restrict their practical applications. Here, we engineer an anisotropic \$\mathrm{Zr^{4+}}\$-crosslinked P(DMA-AA)-CMC hydrogel via pre-stretching to mimic muscle-like alignment. This strategy enhances mechanical strength (5.6 MPa along orientation axis, \$1.8\times\$ higher than perpendicular) and directional sensitivity through \$\mathrm{Zr^{4+}}\$-stabilized microstructural ordering. The sensor achieves 303\\% \$\Delta R/R\_0\$ at 100\\% strain with \$2.2\times\$ higher sensitivity parallel to pre-stretch direction, enabling precise movement/orientation tracking. It maintains stability over 200 cycles and accurately monitors joint kinematics (e.g., elbow/knee flexion). This biomimetic design advances wearable sensors for human-machine interfaces.},
  keywords = {anisotropic hydrogel, directional sensing, wearable sensors, human-machine interfaces},
  issn = {3070-5851},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}
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