Research Article
Open Access
Investigation on the Feasibility to Produce Jet-A1 Aviation Fuel by Co-hydroprocessing Petroleum Kerosene with POME and Cardanol
1
LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas, 8104 Burgas, Bulgaria
2
Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering-Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
* Corresponding Author:
Dicho Stratiev,
[email protected]
Volume 2, Issue 3
2026
Received: 03 April 2026
Accepted: 24 April 2026
Published: 02 June 2026
Article Information
Published in
Journal of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Fuels
Volume/Issue
Volume 2, Issue 3, 2026
Pages
71-77
Abstract
Petroleum kerosene (SRK) and its blends with the bio-components palm oil mill effluent (POME) and cardanol in amount of 2 and 5\% were hydrotreated on commercial Co-Mo catalyst in a laboratory trickle bed reactor at temperature of 290°C, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 1.28 h$^{-1}$, total pressure of 3.0 MPa, H$_2$/Oil ratio of 290 Nm$^3$/Nm$^3$ to simulate co-processing aiming at production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in the existing hydrotreating technology employed to manufacture petroleum based Jet-A1 aviation fuel. It was found that increased hydrogen consumption during co-processing bio-feeds was mainly related to hydrodeoxygenation reaction leading to production of H$_2$O. Cardanol, and POME, however exhibited different behavior concerning production of propane (C$_3$) and CO+CO$_2$ with much lower production from Cardanol implying that it contains less free fatty acids, and less lipids than POME. The higher content of nitrogen (~ 50 times in POME, and ~ 100 times in Cardanol) in bio-feeds inhibits the HDS of petroleum kerosene decreasing the amount of H$_2$S generated and leaving higher sulfur content in hydrotreated jet product. POME was found unsuitable for production of jet fuel by co-processing due to the inability to meet the specification of maximum -47°C crystallization temperature. The hydrotreated liquid products from the bio-feeds were found highly corrosive, while the mixtures of hydrotreated SRK with untreated cardanol displayed lack of corrosivity suggesting that the unconverted oxygen containing substances in the liquid co-processed product are more corrosive that the original ones present in the bio-feeds.
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
sustainable aviation fuel
co-processing
corrosion
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.
Funding
This work was supported without any funding.
Conflicts of Interest
Dicho Stratiev, Rosen Dinkov, Angel Nedelchev, and Ivelina Shishkova are affiliated with LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas, Bulgaria. The authors declare that this affiliation had no influence on the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or the decision to publish. Dicho Stratiev served as an Associate Editor of the Journal of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Fuels at the time of manuscript submission. To ensure the integrity of the peer-review process, Dicho Stratiev was not involved in the editorial handling, peer review, or decision-making process for this manuscript, which was handled independently by another editor. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.
AI Use Statement
The authors declare that no generative AI was used in the preparation of this manuscript.
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
References
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Cite This Article
APA Style
Stratiev, D., Dinkov, R., Nedelchev, A., & Shishkova, I. (2026). Investigation on the Feasibility to Produce Jet-A1 Aviation Fuel by Co-hydroprocessing Petroleum Kerosene with POME and Cardanol. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Fuels, 2(3), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.62762/JCERF.2026.810053
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Compatible with EndNote, Zotero, Mendeley, and other reference managers
TY - JOUR
AU - Stratiev, Dicho
AU - Dinkov, Rosen
AU - Nedelchev, Angel
AU - Shishkova, Ivelina
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/02
TI - Investigation on the Feasibility to Produce Jet-A1 Aviation Fuel by Co-hydroprocessing Petroleum Kerosene with POME and Cardanol
JO - Journal of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Fuels
T2 - Journal of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Fuels
JF - Journal of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Fuels
VL - 2
IS - 3
SP - 71
EP - 77
DO - 10.62762/JCERF.2026.810053
UR - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JCERF.2026.810053
KW - sustainable aviation fuel
KW - co-processing
KW - corrosion
AB - Petroleum kerosene (SRK) and its blends with the bio-components palm oil mill effluent (POME) and cardanol in amount of 2 and 5\% were hydrotreated on commercial Co-Mo catalyst in a laboratory trickle bed reactor at temperature of 290°C, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 1.28 h$^{-1}$, total pressure of 3.0 MPa, H$_2$/Oil ratio of 290 Nm$^3$/Nm$^3$ to simulate co-processing aiming at production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in the existing hydrotreating technology employed to manufacture petroleum based Jet-A1 aviation fuel. It was found that increased hydrogen consumption during co-processing bio-feeds was mainly related to hydrodeoxygenation reaction leading to production of H$_2$O. Cardanol, and POME, however exhibited different behavior concerning production of propane (C$_3$) and CO+CO$_2$ with much lower production from Cardanol implying that it contains less free fatty acids, and less lipids than POME. The higher content of nitrogen (~ 50 times in POME, and ~ 100 times in Cardanol) in bio-feeds inhibits the HDS of petroleum kerosene decreasing the amount of H$_2$S generated and leaving higher sulfur content in hydrotreated jet product. POME was found unsuitable for production of jet fuel by co-processing due to the inability to meet the specification of maximum -47°C crystallization temperature. The hydrotreated liquid products from the bio-feeds were found highly corrosive, while the mixtures of hydrotreated SRK with untreated cardanol displayed lack of corrosivity suggesting that the unconverted oxygen containing substances in the liquid co-processed product are more corrosive that the original ones present in the bio-feeds.
SN - 3070-1058
PB - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA - English
ER -
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@article{Stratiev2026Investigat,
author = {Dicho Stratiev and Rosen Dinkov and Angel Nedelchev and Ivelina Shishkova},
title = {Investigation on the Feasibility to Produce Jet-A1 Aviation Fuel by Co-hydroprocessing Petroleum Kerosene with POME and Cardanol},
journal = {Journal of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Fuels},
year = {2026},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
pages = {71-77},
doi = {10.62762/JCERF.2026.810053},
url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/JCERF.2026.810053},
abstract = {Petroleum kerosene (SRK) and its blends with the bio-components palm oil mill effluent (POME) and cardanol in amount of 2 and 5\\% were hydrotreated on commercial Co-Mo catalyst in a laboratory trickle bed reactor at temperature of 290°C, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 1.28 h\$^{-1}\$, total pressure of 3.0 MPa, H\$\_2\$/Oil ratio of 290 Nm\$^3\$/Nm\$^3\$ to simulate co-processing aiming at production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in the existing hydrotreating technology employed to manufacture petroleum based Jet-A1 aviation fuel. It was found that increased hydrogen consumption during co-processing bio-feeds was mainly related to hydrodeoxygenation reaction leading to production of H\$\_2\$O. Cardanol, and POME, however exhibited different behavior concerning production of propane (C\$\_3\$) and CO+CO\$\_2\$ with much lower production from Cardanol implying that it contains less free fatty acids, and less lipids than POME. The higher content of nitrogen (~ 50 times in POME, and ~ 100 times in Cardanol) in bio-feeds inhibits the HDS of petroleum kerosene decreasing the amount of H\$\_2\$S generated and leaving higher sulfur content in hydrotreated jet product. POME was found unsuitable for production of jet fuel by co-processing due to the inability to meet the specification of maximum -47°C crystallization temperature. The hydrotreated liquid products from the bio-feeds were found highly corrosive, while the mixtures of hydrotreated SRK with untreated cardanol displayed lack of corrosivity suggesting that the unconverted oxygen containing substances in the liquid co-processed product are more corrosive that the original ones present in the bio-feeds.},
keywords = {sustainable aviation fuel, co-processing, corrosion},
issn = {3070-1058},
publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}
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Copyright © 2026 by the Author(s). Published by Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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