TY  - JOUR
AU  - Milovanović, Miloš J.
AU  - Radosavljević, Jordan N.
AU  - Perović, Bojan D.
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/03
TI  - Experimental Comparative Analysis of Electromechanical, Static and Microprocessor Relay Protection Technologies
JO  - ICCK Transactions on Electric Power Networks and Systems
T2  - ICCK Transactions on Electric Power Networks and Systems
JF  - ICCK Transactions on Electric Power Networks and Systems
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
SP  - 79
EP  - 88
DO  - 10.62762/TEPNS.2026.788018
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TEPNS.2026.788018
KW  - electromechanical
KW  - static and microprocessor relays
KW  - experimental analysis
KW  - relay protection
KW  - secondary injection testing
AB  - This paper presents an experimental comparative analysis of electromechanical, static, and microprocessor-based protective relays using the secondary injection testing method. The study evaluates key performance indicators, including pickup current, dropout current, and operating time, under controlled laboratory conditions. The results show that electromechanical relays exhibit pickup current deviations below 5\%, accompanied by relatively high variability in operating time (up to 0.2 s), mainly due to inherent mechanical limitations. Static relays demonstrate improved performance, with enhanced stability, reduced deviations, and limited time variation within ±0.1 s. Microprocessor-based relays achieve the highest level of performance, characterized by minimal deviations, negligible hysteresis, and fast response times of approximately 30 ms. The findings confirm that the technological evolution of protective relays leads to significant improvements in accuracy, response speed, and operational stability. Nevertheless, electromechanical and static relays can still ensure reliable operation when properly maintained and correctly applied. The presented results provide a realistic assessment of relay performance across different technological generations and offer a useful basis for decision-making in the modernization and upgrade of protection systems.
SN  - 3070-2607
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  - 

@article{Milovanovi2026Experiment,
  author = {Miloš J. Milovanović and Jordan N. Radosavljević and Bojan D. Perović},
  title = {Experimental Comparative Analysis of Electromechanical, Static and Microprocessor Relay Protection Technologies},
  journal = {ICCK Transactions on Electric Power Networks and Systems},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {79-88},
  doi = {10.62762/TEPNS.2026.788018},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/TEPNS.2026.788018},
  abstract = {This paper presents an experimental comparative analysis of electromechanical, static, and microprocessor-based protective relays using the secondary injection testing method. The study evaluates key performance indicators, including pickup current, dropout current, and operating time, under controlled laboratory conditions. The results show that electromechanical relays exhibit pickup current deviations below 5\\%, accompanied by relatively high variability in operating time (up to 0.2 s), mainly due to inherent mechanical limitations. Static relays demonstrate improved performance, with enhanced stability, reduced deviations, and limited time variation within ±0.1 s. Microprocessor-based relays achieve the highest level of performance, characterized by minimal deviations, negligible hysteresis, and fast response times of approximately 30 ms. The findings confirm that the technological evolution of protective relays leads to significant improvements in accuracy, response speed, and operational stability. Nevertheless, electromechanical and static relays can still ensure reliable operation when properly maintained and correctly applied. The presented results provide a realistic assessment of relay performance across different technological generations and offer a useful basis for decision-making in the modernization and upgrade of protection systems.},
  keywords = {electromechanical, static and microprocessor relays, experimental analysis, relay protection, secondary injection testing},
  issn = {3070-2607},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}