This paper investigates the influence of temperature- and current-dependent variations in alternating current (AC) resistance on the estimation of the operating temperature of aluminium conductor steel-reinforced (ACSR) conductors, with particular emphasis on the differences arising from the use of tabulated and experimentally determined resistance characteristics. Special attention is devoted to the current dependence of AC resistance in the single-layer ACSR conductor 48-AL1/8-ST1A, where pronounced resistance variations occur due to the electromagnetic interaction between the aluminum strands and the steel core. Experimental investigations were conducted under controlled laboratory condit... More >

The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Artemis II lunar flyby mission paved the way for future moon landings and directed research toward installing the first lunar microgrid. NASA predicts that a solar-powered microgrid at the lunar South Pole (LunaGrid) will become operational in 2028 and will interconnect multiple nodes to support the Artemis Base Camp. The architecture of the LunaGrid microgrid will be modular for the integration of several fission reactors (in one nuclear power plant of up to 100 kW). The aim is to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to the Artemis Base Camp by 2030 during the 14-day lunar nights when solar power is not available. In additio... More >

The rapid integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) into modern power grids necessitates robust safety architectures to prevent catastrophic failures such as thermal runaway. Current diagnostic frameworks are often reliant on isolated, single-parameter thresholds and lack direct linkage to hardware-level execution. This work proposes a comprehensive, multi-parameter early warning and hierarchical protection methodology that bridges the gap between software-based fault detection and practical electromechanical response. The proposed algorithm calculates a dynamic, weighted safety score in real-time by structurally integrating internal battery management system (BMS) metrics, such a... More >

This paper presents an experimental comparative analysis of electromechanical, static, and microprocessor-based protective relays using the secondary injection testing method. The study evaluates key performance indicators, including pickup current, dropout current, and operating time, under controlled laboratory conditions. The results show that electromechanical relays exhibit pickup current deviations below 5\%, accompanied by relatively high variability in operating time (up to 0.2 s), mainly due to inherent mechanical limitations. Static relays demonstrate improved performance, with enhanced stability, reduced deviations, and limited time variation within ±0.1 s. Microprocessor-based r... More >

The GoToTwin project (INTERREG IPA ADRION PROGRAMME) deals with integration of renewable energy sources thus strengthening the innovation capacities in the region that is presented by partners from North Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Greece. The mentioned integration will go through a digital platform and will represent digital twins for each renewable energy source (sun, wind and water). Besides technical goals, this project will promote cross-sector collaboration, enable capacity building, create policies and establish cooperation networks across the region. This paper presents an overview of the project objectives together with a partial progress report... More >

Microgrids and nanogrids are increasingly deployed to support decentralized generation, local resilience, and renewable integration. However, their growing reliance on digital control, communication networks, cloud services, and IT–OT integration exposes them to diverse cybersecurity threats. Unlike traditional utility-scale systems, microgrids and nanogrids often operate under resource constraints, heterogeneous architectures, and limited cybersecurity expertise, making direct application of large-scale security frameworks impractical. This paper proposes a structured cybersecurity assessment framework for small- and medium-scale energy systems, supporting systematic risk identification,... More >

In large-scale 2D finite element steady-state thermal models for underground cable ampacity calculations, where the lateral and lower boundaries are adiabatic, the ground surface may be represented by isothermal Dirichlet, convective Robin, or coupled convection–radiation conditions. In such cases, the soil temperature at depths significantly below the cables tends to be equal or to exceed the temperature of reference soil or air. This paper proposes a novel approach addressing this issue by dividing the native soil into two layers, introducing an effective thermal conductivity for the upper layer, and assuming distinct reference soil temperatures at the cable depth and at the lower bounda... More >

This paper proposes the two-step approach for improving the voltage profile of the distribution network (DN) using the optimal integration of photovoltaic-battery energy storage (PV-BES) system. In the first step of the approach the optimal location of the PV-BES system in the DN and its optimal powers are determined, considering the topology and the load of the DN. This is done to improve the voltage profile of the DN using the meta-heuristic wild horse optimization method (WHO) and genetic algorithm (GA). The second step of the approach determines the optimal sizing of the PV-BES system, by taking into account the optimal powers obtained in the first step, the solar irradiance diagram and... More >