Standard type verification of three-phase smart meters is performed under idealized balanced test conditions that do not fully reproduce the current unbalance, single-phase loading and voltage deviations found on real distribution networks, so that a channel-specific calibration fault can pass undetected. This paper presents a methodology combining standard IEC~62052-11 and EN~50470-3 verification with an extended set of near-real-network test conditions (unbalanced current distribution, single-phase loading, and voltage deviation from nominal), together with a statistical/machine-learning screening step applied to aggregated laboratory verification results and used to flag units for target... More >

From the confluence of the Lech River with the Danube to the Danube Delta, installed electricity generation capacities of approximately 16.983~GW directly use water from the Danube, namely: 6096.34~MW hydro, 4657.7~MW gas-fired (including one combined heat and power PP fueled primarily by natural gas and hydrogen), 1007~MW coal-fired and 5222~MW nuclear power plants (PPs). As is well known, hydro PPs use water to spin turbines, gas-fired PPs use water to cool and generate steam, coal-fired PPs use water to generate steam, cool equipment, and manage waste, while nuclear PPs use water to cool and generate steam, as well as to moderate fast-moving neutrons. If there is a record-low water level... More >

This paper presents a simple and efficient method for detecting harmonics, interharmonics, and subharmonics in voltage and current waveforms. The proposed technique is based on a series RLC resonant circuit and is characterized by its simplicity, relatively fast response, and ease of implementation. The performance of the proposed method is validated using both mathematically generated signals with severe waveform distortion and signals measured in real distribution networks with high penetration of renewable energy sources. The maximum relative errors in the frequency of detected harmonic components were 1.33% for the mathematically generated strongly distorted signals and 0.60% for the mea... More >

This paper investigates the influence of temperature- and current-dependent variations in alternating current (AC) resistance on the estimation of the operating temperature of aluminium conductor steel-reinforced (ACSR) conductors, with particular emphasis on the differences arising from the use of tabulated and experimentally determined resistance characteristics. Special attention is devoted to the current dependence of AC resistance in the single-layer ACSR conductor 48-AL1/8-ST1A, where pronounced resistance variations occur due to the electromagnetic interaction between the aluminum strands and the steel core. Experimental investigations were conducted under controlled laboratory condit... More >

The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Artemis II lunar flyby mission paved the way for future moon landings and directed research toward installing the first lunar microgrid. NASA predicts that a solar-powered microgrid at the lunar South Pole (LunaGrid) will become operational in 2028 and will interconnect multiple nodes to support the Artemis Base Camp. The architecture of the LunaGrid microgrid will be modular for the integration of several fission reactors (in one nuclear power plant of up to 100 kW). The aim is to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to the Artemis Base Camp by 2030 during the 14-day lunar nights when solar power is not available. In additio... More >

The rapid integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) into modern power grids necessitates robust safety architectures to prevent catastrophic failures such as thermal runaway. Current diagnostic frameworks are often reliant on isolated, single-parameter thresholds and lack direct linkage to hardware-level execution. This work proposes a comprehensive, multi-parameter early warning and hierarchical protection methodology that bridges the gap between software-based fault detection and practical electromechanical response. The proposed algorithm calculates a dynamic, weighted safety score in real-time by structurally integrating internal battery management system (BMS) metrics, such a... More >

This paper presents an experimental comparative analysis of electromechanical, static, and microprocessor-based protective relays using the secondary injection testing method. The study evaluates key performance indicators, including pickup current, dropout current, and operating time, under controlled laboratory conditions. The results show that electromechanical relays exhibit pickup current deviations below 5\%, accompanied by relatively high variability in operating time (up to 0.2 s), mainly due to inherent mechanical limitations. Static relays demonstrate improved performance, with enhanced stability, reduced deviations, and limited time variation within ±0.1 s. Microprocessor-based r... More >

The GoToTwin project (INTERREG IPA ADRION PROGRAMME) deals with integration of renewable energy sources thus strengthening the innovation capacities in the region that is presented by partners from North Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Greece. The mentioned integration will go through a digital platform and will represent digital twins for each renewable energy source (sun, wind and water). Besides technical goals, this project will promote cross-sector collaboration, enable capacity building, create policies and establish cooperation networks across the region. This paper presents an overview of the project objectives together with a partial progress report... More >