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Thermal Cooling and System Irreversibilities of A Divergent/Convergent Channel with The Bioconvection Flow of Non-Newtonian Nanofluid
Research Article | Published: 22 December 2025
International Journal of Thermo-Fluid Systems and Sustainable Energy Volume 1, Issue 2, 2025: 83-95
Volume 1, Issue 2, International Journal of Thermo-Fluid Systems and Sustainable Energy
Volume 1, Issue 2, 2025
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International Journal of Thermo-Fluid Systems and Sustainable Energy, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2025: 83-95

Open Access | Research Article | 22 December 2025
Thermal Cooling and System Irreversibilities of A Divergent/Convergent Channel with The Bioconvection Flow of Non-Newtonian Nanofluid
by
Muhammad Eisa Muhammad Eisa 1
Sohail Rehman Sohail Rehman 2 *
Yasir Khan Yasir Khan 2
Maryam Maryam 2
Gulzar Ali Khan Gulzar Ali Khan 2
1 Department of Statistics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
2 Department of Physical and Numerical Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
* Corresponding Author: Sohail Rehman, [email protected]
DOI: 10.62762/IJTSSE.2025.318713
ARK: ark:/57805/ijtsse.2025.318713
Received: 01 December 2025, Accepted: 17 December 2025, Published: 22 December 2025  
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Abstract
The laminar bioconvection flow of a nanofluid in a convergent/divergent channel is computationally analyzed. The channel features impervious, adiabatic walls. A physics-based model couples the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. A thermal-hydraulic and entropy production analysis is performed using the first and second laws of thermodynamics to identify ideal parameters that maximize thermal performance while minimizing system irreversibility. Fluid flow, heat-mass transfer, motile microorganism density, and system entropy are investigated as functions of the channel angle. The governing equations are reduced via scaling and solved numerically using the Keller-Box method. Results indicate that higher Reynolds numbers and cross-viscosity reduce frictional drag, while motile density decreases with the Péclet number. Heat and mass transfer rates decline with increased Brownian motion, whereas thermophoresis shows opposing effects. Nanoparticle diffusion mitigates channel overheating, aiding thermal cooling. System irreversibilities dominate in narrower sections, and entropy generation near the wall increases with thermophoresis.
Graphical Abstract
Thermal Cooling and System Irreversibilities of A Divergent/Convergent Channel with The Bioconvection Flow of Non-Newtonian Nanofluid
Keywords
non-Newtonian fluid
converging/diverging flow
frictional drag
thermodynamic analysis
keller-Box approach
thermal cooling
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.
Funding
This work was supported without any funding.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
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APA Style
Eisa, M., Rehman, S., Khan, Y., Maryam, & Khan, G. A. (2025). Thermal Cooling and System Irreversibilities of A Divergent/Convergent Channel with The Bioconvection Flow of Non-Newtonian Nanofluid. International Journal of Thermo-Fluid Systems and Sustainable Energy, 1(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.62762/IJTSSE.2025.318713
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TY  - JOUR
AU  - Eisa, Muhammad
AU  - Rehman, Sohail
AU  - Khan, Yasir
AU  - Maryam
AU  - Khan, Gulzar Ali
PY  - 2025
DA  - 2025/12/22
TI  - Thermal Cooling and System Irreversibilities of A Divergent/Convergent Channel with The Bioconvection Flow of Non-Newtonian Nanofluid
JO  - International Journal of Thermo-Fluid Systems and Sustainable Energy
T2  - International Journal of Thermo-Fluid Systems and Sustainable Energy
JF  - International Journal of Thermo-Fluid Systems and Sustainable Energy
VL  - 1
IS  - 2
SP  - 83
EP  - 95
DO  - 10.62762/IJTSSE.2025.318713
UR  - https://www.icck.org/article/abs/IJTSSE.2025.318713
KW  - non-Newtonian fluid
KW  - converging/diverging flow
KW  - frictional drag
KW  - thermodynamic analysis
KW  - keller-Box approach
KW  - thermal cooling
AB  - The laminar bioconvection flow of a nanofluid in a convergent/divergent channel is computationally analyzed. The channel features impervious, adiabatic walls. A physics-based model couples the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. A thermal-hydraulic and entropy production analysis is performed using the first and second laws of thermodynamics to identify ideal parameters that maximize thermal performance while minimizing system irreversibility. Fluid flow, heat-mass transfer, motile microorganism density, and system entropy are investigated as functions of the channel angle. The governing equations are reduced via scaling and solved numerically using the Keller-Box method. Results indicate that higher Reynolds numbers and cross-viscosity reduce frictional drag, while motile density decreases with the Péclet number. Heat and mass transfer rates decline with increased Brownian motion, whereas thermophoresis shows opposing effects. Nanoparticle diffusion mitigates channel overheating, aiding thermal cooling. System irreversibilities dominate in narrower sections, and entropy generation near the wall increases with thermophoresis.
SN  - 3069-1877
PB  - Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge
LA  - English
ER  -
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@article{Eisa2025Thermal,
  author = {Muhammad Eisa and Sohail Rehman and Yasir Khan and Maryam and Gulzar Ali Khan},
  title = {Thermal Cooling and System Irreversibilities of A Divergent/Convergent Channel with The Bioconvection Flow of Non-Newtonian Nanofluid},
  journal = {International Journal of Thermo-Fluid Systems and Sustainable Energy},
  year = {2025},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {83-95},
  doi = {10.62762/IJTSSE.2025.318713},
  url = {https://www.icck.org/article/abs/IJTSSE.2025.318713},
  abstract = {The laminar bioconvection flow of a nanofluid in a convergent/divergent channel is computationally analyzed. The channel features impervious, adiabatic walls. A physics-based model couples the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. A thermal-hydraulic and entropy production analysis is performed using the first and second laws of thermodynamics to identify ideal parameters that maximize thermal performance while minimizing system irreversibility. Fluid flow, heat-mass transfer, motile microorganism density, and system entropy are investigated as functions of the channel angle. The governing equations are reduced via scaling and solved numerically using the Keller-Box method. Results indicate that higher Reynolds numbers and cross-viscosity reduce frictional drag, while motile density decreases with the Péclet number. Heat and mass transfer rates decline with increased Brownian motion, whereas thermophoresis shows opposing effects. Nanoparticle diffusion mitigates channel overheating, aiding thermal cooling. System irreversibilities dominate in narrower sections, and entropy generation near the wall increases with thermophoresis.},
  keywords = {non-Newtonian fluid, converging/diverging flow, frictional drag, thermodynamic analysis, keller-Box approach, thermal cooling},
  issn = {3069-1877},
  publisher = {Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge}
}
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